Phalangiotarbida

Phalangiotarbida Temporal range: Early Devonian–Early Permian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Goniotarbus angulatus fossil, dorsal and ventral views
Reconstruction of Goniotarbus angulatus and Mesotarbus peteri
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	† Phalangiotarbida Haase, 1890
Families
Currently 4 families, see text for details.
Synonyms
Architarbi Phalangiotarbi

Phalangiotarbida is an extinct arachnid order first recorded from the Early Devonian of Germany and most widespread in the Upper Carboniferous coal measures of Europe and North America. ^[1] The last species are known from the early Permian Rotliegend of Germany.

The affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most authors favouring affinities with Opiliones (harvestmen) and/or Acari (mites and ticks). Phalangiotarbida has been recently (2004) proposed to be sister group to (Palpigradi+Tetrapulmonata): the taxon Megoperculata sensu Shultz (1990). ^[2]

Nemastomoides depressus , described as a harvestman in the family Nemastomoididae, is actually a poorly preserved phalangiotarbid. ^[3]

Taxa included

• Family Anthracotarbidae Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969 ^[4]
  • Genus Anthracotarbus Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969 ^[4]
    • Species Anthracotarbus hintoniKjellesvig-Waering, 1969 ^[4]
• Family Architarbidae Karsch, 1882
  • Genus Architarbus Scudder, 1868
    • Species Architarbus hoffmanniGuthörl, 1934 (Jr synonyms Opiliotarbus kliveriWaterlot, 1934; Goniotarbus saranaGuthörl, 1965)
    • Species Architarbus minor Petrunkevitch, 1913
    • Species Architarbus rotundatusScudder, 1868
  • Genus Bornatarbus Rößler & Schneider, 1997
    • Species Bornatarbus mayasiiHaupt in Nindel, 1955
  • Genus Devonotarbus Poschmann, Anderson & Dunlop, 2005
    • Species Devonotarbus hombachensis Poschmann, Anderson & Dunlop, 2005
  • Genus Discotarbus Petrunkevitch, 1913
    • Species Discotarbus deplanatusPetrunkevitch, 1913
  • Genus Geratarbus Scudder, 1890
    • Species Geratarbus lacoeiScudder, 1890
    • Species Geratarbus bohemicusPetrunkevitch, 1953
  • Genus Goniotarbus Petrunkevitch, 1953
    • Species Goniotarbus angulatus Pocock, 1911
    • Species Goniotarbus tuberculatusPocock, 1911
  • Genus Hadrachne Melander, 1903
    • Species Hadrachne horribilisMelander, 1903
  • Genus Leptotarbus Petrunkevitch, 1945
    • Species Leptotarbus torpedoPocock, 1911
  • Genus Mesotarbus Petrunkevitch, 1949
    • Species Mesotarbus angustusPocock, 1911
    • Species Mesotarbus eggintoniPocock, 1911
    • Species Mesotarbus hindiPocock, 1911
    • Species Mesotarbus intermediusPetrunkevitch, 1949
    • Species Mesotarbus peteriDunlop & Horrocks, 1997
  • Genus Metatarbus Petrunkevitch, 1913
    • Species Metatarbus triangularusPetrunkevitch, 1913
  • Genus Ootarbus Petrunkevitch, 1945
    • Species Ootarbus pulcherPetrunkevitch, 1945
    • Species Ootarbus ovatusPetrunkevitch, 1945
  • Genus Orthotarbus Petrunkevitch, 1945
    • Species Orthotarbus minutusPetrunkevitch, 1913
    • Species Orthotarbus robustusPetrunkevitch, 1945
    • Species Orthotarbus nyranensisPetrunkevitch, 1953
  • Genus Paratarbus Petrunkevitch, 1945
    • Species Paratarbus carbonariusPetrunkevitch, 1945
  • Genus Phalangiotarbus Haase, 1890
    • Species Phalangiotarbus subovalis Woodward, 1872
  • Genus Pycnotarbus Darber, 1990
    • Species Pycnotarbus verrucosusDarber, 1990
  • Genus Triangulotarbus Patrick, 1989
    • Species Triangulotarbus terrehautensisPatrick, 1989
• Family Heterotarbidae Petrunkevitch, 1913
  • Genus Heterotarbus Petrunkevitch, 1913
    • Species Heterotarbus ovatus Petrunkevitch, 1913
• Family Opiliotarbidae Petrunkevitch, 1949
  • Genus Opiliotarbus Pocock, 1910
    • Species Opiliotarbus elongatusScudder, 1890
• nomina dubia
  • Eotarbus litoralis Kušta, 1888
  • Nemastomoides depressusPetrunkevitch, 1913

References

1. Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason (2014). "Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders". PeerJ. 2: e641. doi: 10.7717/peerj.641 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   4232842 . PMID   25405073.
2. Pollitt et al. 2004
3. Dunlop in Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 255
4. Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1969). "A New Phalangiotarbid (Arachnida) from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 43 (5). Paleontological Society: 1280–1282. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1302441 . Retrieved 2025-03-29.

Bibliography

• Petrunkevitch, Alexander I. (1955): Arachnida. pp. 42–162 in Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, part P. Arthropoda 2 (R.C. Moore, ed.). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
• Shultz, Jeffrey W.(1990): Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics 6: 1-38.
• Dunlop, Jason A. (1997): Palaeozoic arachnids and their significance for arachnid phylogeny. Proceedings of the 16th European Colloquium of Arachnology 65–82. - Abstract
• Pollitt, Jessica R.; Braddy, Simon J. & Dunlop, Jason A. (2004): The phylogenetic position of the extinct arachnid order Phalangiotarbida Haase, 1890, with reference to the fauna from the Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve (Somerset, UK). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 94(3): 243–259. doi : 10.1017/S0263593300000651 - PDF available on request
• Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN   0-674-02343-9

Further reading

• Dunlop, Jason A. & Horrocks, Carl A. (1997): Phalangiotarbid arachnids from the Coal Measures of Lancashire, UK. Geological Magazine134: 369–381. doi : 10.1017/S0016756897007073