Ngiri-Ngiri

Last updated
Ngiri-Ngiri
Commune
Commune de Ngiri-Ngiri
Avenue Kasa-vubu, a Ngiri-ngiri.jpg
Kasa-Vubu Avenue in Ngiri-Ngiri, with the Usine de Panification de Kinshasa (UPAK) factory located nearby
Ngiri-Ngiri
Ngiri-Ngiri
Ngiri-Ngiri
Ngiri-Ngiri on map of Kinshasa city-province
Democratic Republic of the Congo (26 provinces) - Kinshasa.svg
Kinshasa city-province on map of DR Congo
Coordinates: 4°21′27″S15°17′54″E / 4.35750°S 15.29833°E / -4.35750; 15.29833 [1]
CountryFlag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DR Congo
City-Province Kinshasa
Area
 • Total
3.40 km2 (1.31 sq mi)
Population
 (2015 est.)
 • Total
481,110
 • Density140,000/km2 (370,000/sq mi)

Ngiri-Ngiri is a commune in the Funa District of Kinshasa, strategically situated in the southern part of the city. [2] [3] [4] Covering an area of 3.40 square kilometers, [5] [6] it had a population of 99,292 in December 2008, [7] which increased to an estimated 481,110 by 2015. [6] The commune is bounded by Kasa-Vubu Avenue and the Kasa-Vubu commune to the north, Kwilu Street and Bumbu commune to the south, Elengesa Avenue and Kalamu commune to the east, and Liberation Avenue (formerly 24 Novembre) and Bandalungwa commune to the west. [7] [8]

Contents

Established in 1957 at the base of the Kalamu and Kasa-Vubu hills, Ngiri-Ngiri is administratively divided into 9 neighborhoods. [4] [9] [10] Originally built on non-aedificandi sites prone to flooding and erosion, it is predominantly inhabited by low-income communities. [11] The local economy is supported by agriculture, market gardening, industry, and recreational activities. [11]

Geography

Ngiri-Ngiri experiences a tropical hot and humid climate characterized by two distinct seasons: a rainy season lasting approximately eight months (from mid-September to mid-May) and a dry season. [12] [8] The average annual precipitation in Kinshasa is around 1,500 mm, and the average temperature ranges from 22.5 to 25 °C (72.5 to 77.0 °F). [12] Torrential rains often result in flooding and material damage in the commune due to inadequate maintenance and cleaning of gutters and water collectors. [8] [13] [14] The issue is exacerbated by water runoff from neighboring communes, including Selembao and Bumbu. [8] Efforts to address these challenges have been made through environmental sanitation projects and the construction of gutters and collectors, notably under a partnership with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), a German development agency, as part of the PARIC 1 initiative. [8] Additional infrastructure improvements, including the rehabilitation of roads and schools, have been carried out under the "Five Construction Sites of the Republic" program. [8]

Ngiri-Ngiri is situated on clayey-sandy soil, which lacks exploitable raw materials. [8] The dominant agricultural activity in the commune is the cultivation of legumes. [8] It is traversed by two rivers: the Mfimi (Basoko) River along Avenue de Libération (formerly 24 November) to the west, and the Kalamu River to the east, which forms the border with the commune of Kalamu. [8]

Administrative division

Ngiri-Ngiri is governed by municipal authorities under the oversight of Kinshasa's city administration. Leadership is provided by a mayor (Burgomaster) and a deputy mayor, both appointed by the head of state. Although reforms have proposed electing burgomasters through communal councils, this system has not yet been implemented. [15]

The commune is administratively divided into nine neighborhoods, eight of which are formally managed, while one remains unofficial or "floating": [9]

No.Neighborhoods
1.Assossa
2.Diangenda
3.Diomi
4.Elengasa
5.Khartoum
6.Petit-Petit
7.24 Novembre
8.Saïo I
9.Saïo II

History

In 1945, the city of Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) extended only as far as the old estates along Kabinda Avenue. [10] However, between 1945 and 1950, significant urban expansion occurred, resulting in the establishment of new urban areas. These developments were marked by the naming of streets after key victories achieved by the Force Publique during World War II, such as Saïo, Assossa, Gambela, and Burma. Avenue de la Victoire was named to commemorate the Allied victory in 1945. [10]

Gaston Diomi Ndongala Diogas.jpg
Gaston Diomi Ndongala

In the 1950s, Ngiri-Ngiri was developed as part of a broader urban planning initiative that included several planned municipalities. [10] These municipalities, including Kasa-Vubu and Ngiri-Ngiri, were formally laid out in 1950. By 1957, Ngiri-Ngiri was officially recognized as one of the thirteen communes of Léopoldville. [10] [4] [9] The first municipal elections took place in December 1957. [10] The elections saw Bakongo candidates, appointed by colonial authorities, prevail over other groups, including those within the Liboke lya Bangala faction. [16] The Belgian colonial administration imposed stringent restrictions on the territorial expansion of African communes like Ngiri-Ngiri, prioritizing infrastructural development in European-administered communes such as Limete, Kalina (now Gombe), and Ngaliema. [10] These segregated enclaves, reserved for European populations, were governed by white mayors under the colonial framework. [10] Gaston Diomi Ndongala, a native Congolese, became the first elected mayor of Ngiri-Ngiri in 1958. [9] His leadership was followed by a succession of mayors, including Peti-Peti (1959–1963), Nsiku, Tony Malunkudi, Nkunda Mbadu, Matantu (1987–1989), and Mulamba wa Ilunga (1989–1992). [9]

In the post-1960 era, Ngiri-Ngiri saw the construction of one of Kinshasa's first game parks on Tende Street, between Assossa and Katanga Avenues, which offered facilities for sports such as judo, karate, boxing, and table tennis, alongside a football field named Diogas, in honor of Gaston Diomi. [17] The field was eventually replaced by Lycée Catholique Movenda and Saint Pius X Parish. [17] During this period, the commune became home to notable cultural hubs like Mimy cinema at the intersection of Lokolenge, Saïo, and Birmanie Avenues. Ciné Toyota, previously situated at Yolo Avenue and Birmanie Avenue, has since been converted into a mosque. Meanwhile, another theater, Ciné Standard, at the crossroads of Bolafa and Katanga Avenues, now functions as a revival church. [17]

Demographics

Historical population of Ngiri-Ngiri
Year19671970198420032004
Population50,93064,27282,303169,087174,843

Health

The commune is home to various healthcare facilities. Major institutions include the Centre Hospitalier d'État de Ngiri-Ngiri, [18] [19] Centre Hospitalier Bolingo, [20] Centre Hospitalier Fidji, [21] [22] Polyclinique de Ngiri-Ngiri, [23] Centre Médical La Rose, Centre Médical Nsaka, Hôpital TVC (Tatete Vein Center) Médical, [24] [25] [26] [27] and Centre Hospitalier Sainte Marie. [28] [29] [30] The commune also houses the Morgue de Ngiri-Ngiri, located within the Centre Hospitalier d'État de Ngiri-Ngiri. [31] [32] In addition to these local facilities, residents of Ngiri-Ngiri also rely on the Kintambo General Reference Hospital (Hôpital Général de Référence de Kintambo) in the neighboring Kintambo commune for specialized and advanced medical services. [33]

Religion

Ngiri-Ngiri is home to a diverse array of Christian denominations, sects, and other religious organizations. As of 2000, the PanAfrican News Agency reported that the commune hosted over 153 churches and sects. [34] Prominent places of worship in Ngiri-Ngiri include the Roman Catholic parishes of Saint Pius X, founded in 1956 and part of the Saint Joseph Deanery within the Archdiocese of Kinshasa, [35] [36] [37] [38] and Sainte Agathe, established in 2003 under the same deanery. [39] The commune is also home to two branches of the Kimbanguist Church: Église Kimbanguiste Niangara and Église Kimbanguiste Monkoto. [40] [41] [42] [43] Protestant and evangelical communities are well-represented, with institutions such as the Salvation Army (Armée du Salut), the Baptist Community of the Congo River (Communauté Baptiste du Fleuve Congo; CBFC), and the 23rd Evangelical Community of Congo (23ème Communauté Évangélique du Congo; 23ème CEC). [44] [45] [46] [47]

The commune also features other significant congregations, including FEPACO Nzambe Malamu, Église Armée de Victoire (Mission mondiale message de vie), Centre Évangélique Pentecôte Berée of Église Évangélique Bérée, Church House of Adoration (Église Maison d'Adoration), Église Évangélique Patmos, and Grace MAG. There's also a mosque that serves the commune's Muslim population. [48] [49] [50] [51]

Economy

The commune relies on agriculture, market gardening, industry, and recreational activities. [11] It is home to the Kinshasa Bread Factory (Usine de Panification de Kinshasa; UPAK), a major bread production and distribution company that serves the city. [52] [53] [54] Additionally, it is the headquarters of the Amani Women's Football Club (Football Club Féminin Amani) and Club Bilenge. [55] [56] [57]

The Bayaka Market (Marché Bayaka), situated at the intersection of Kasa-Vubu and Assossa avenues, serves as the central trading hub of the commune, catering to its residents' needs with essential goods and services. [58] [59]

Education

Ngiri-Ngiri hosts a range of prominent primary and secondary schools, along with specialized training programs. Prominent high schools and colleges in the commune include Collège Abbé Loya 1, [60] [61] [62] [63] Lycée Catholique Movenda, [64] [65] Collège Saint Pie X, [64] [66] Complexe Scolaire Sainte Agathe, [66] and Collège Ange Raphaël. [64] [66] The Modern Chinese Primary School (Ecole Primaire Moderne de Chinois), located on Ngiri-Ngiri's EP III and IV site, was established via a collaboration between China and Kinshasa. [67] The commune is also home to several institutes providing vocational and specialized education. These include the Institut Pédagogique de Ngiri-Ngiri (IPNN), [68] [69] Institut Technique et Social de Ngiri-Ngiri (ITS-Ngiri-Ngiri), [70] [71] Institut Littéraire Technique de Ngiri-Ngiri (ILTN), [69] [72] [71] Institut Supérieur Technologique de Kinshasa de Ngiri-Ngiri, [73] and Institut Commercial de Ngiri-Ngiri. [66] The Ngiri-Ngiri Athenaeum (Athénée de Ngiri-Ngiri) is also located here. [74] [75]

Crime

Ngiri-Ngiri struggles with crime, particularly due to the operations of organized street gangs known locally as Kuluna. [76] [77] [78] These gangs, successors to the earlier Pombas, have been a persistent issue in Kinshasa since the mid-2000s. [79] Their criminal activities, including theft, extortion, and assault, target homes, bars, shops, boutiques, pharmacies, and public spaces. [79] [80] Armed with machetes, Kuluna gang members are known for their violent methods, often inflicting severe injuries or even killing victims who resist. [79]

The rise of Kuluna gangs is closely tied to socio-economic disenfranchisement and cultural dynamics within the commune. [81] Ngiri-Ngiri is among the areas most affected by their presence, along with nearby communes such as Ngaba, Kalamu, Matete, and Kisenso. [76]

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References

  1. ↑ "Ngiri Ngiri, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Google Maps. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "Géographie de Kinshasa (Geography of Kinshasa)" (in French). Ville de Kinshasa (City of Kinshasa). Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  3. ↑ Kaforo, Olivier (15 October 2007). "Congo-Kinshasa: La commune de Ngiri-Ngiri a fêté son cinquantenaire" [Congo-Kinshasa: The commune of Ngiri-Ngiri celebrated its fiftieth anniversary]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Municipales: un candidat se focalise sur la salubrité et l'éclairage public" [Municipal elections: a candidate focuses on sanitation and public lighting]. ACP (in French). 6 November 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  5. ↑ Bukasa, Ismael (2015). "Entrepreneuriat et la lutte contre la pauvreté en république démocratique du Congo. Cas des entrepreneurs musulmans" [Entrepreneurship and the fight against poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Case of Muslim entrepreneurs] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université International Al-Mustapha du Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  6. 1 2 Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Ottawa, Canada: IDRC.CRDI. p. 41. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  7. 1 2 Mayoyo, Erick Irien Mukala (2008). "Influence du profil parental sur la santé mentale des adolescents en milieu urbain" [Influence of parental profile on the mental health of adolescents in urban areas] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kinshasa. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kimpepe, Aline. "Évaluation de l'accessibilité en eau potable des habitants du quartier SAIO dans la commune de Ngiri-Ngiri" [Assessment of accessibility to drinking water for residents of the SAIO district in the commune of Ngiri-Ngiri](PDF). Congoresearchpapers.net (in French). Congo Research Papers. pp. 114–115. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Kaforo, Olivier (15 October 2007). "Congo-Kinshasa: La commune de Ngiri-Ngiri a fêté son cinquantenaire" [Congo-Kinshasa: The commune of Ngiri-Ngiri celebrated its fiftieth anniversary]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Makombo, Mutamba (28 August 2009). "Anneet: Interview du RP de Saint Moulin sur la ville de Kinshasa" [Anneet: Interview with the RP of Saint Moulin on the city of Kinshasa]. Congoforum.be (in French). Retrieved 18 January 2025.
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  12. 1 2 Bombamu, Fiston Masikini; Tshimanga, Becker Kanku; Lemvie, Landry Kemfine; Domondo, Jean Jacques Amogu; Kuedi, Trésor Matuzeyi; Matita, Jacques Bomoi; Mola, Pierre-Celestin Bongo; Pembe, Prescilia Mabubu; Ngandu, Odette Kabena (30 September 2023). "Connaissances Des Vendeurs Du Marché Sur Les Risques Chimiques Des Composés Organiques Volatils "Cas Du Marché Bayaka" De La Commune De Ngiri-Ngiri, A Kinshasa, République Démocratique Du Congo" [Market Vendors' Knowledge of the Chemical Risks of Volatile Organic Compounds "Case of the Bayaka Market" in the Commune of Ngiri-Ngiri, in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo]. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (in French). 40 (2): 180. doi:10.52155/ijpsat.v40.2.5395. ISSN   2509-0119.
  13. ↑ Nyengele, Clément Tshiaba (27 December 2005). "Congo-Kinshasa: La pluie a encore fait des dégâts à Kinshasa" [Congo-Kinshasa: Rain has caused further damage in Kinshasa]. Le Phare (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  14. ↑ Ligodi, Patient (9 April 2024). "RDC: les récentes pluies torrentielles ont causé d'importants dégâts à Kinshasa" [DRC: Recent torrential rains have caused significant damage in Kinshasa]. RFI (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  15. ↑ "Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces" [Organic Law No. 08/016 of 7 October 2008 on the composition, organization and functioning of the Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces]. LEGANET.CD (in French). Article 46. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  16. ↑ Bukasa, Tshieke T.; Bongeye W.M, Joachim (13 August 2003). "Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa, ce village d'hier" [Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa, this village of yesterday]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  17. 1 2 3 Kaforo, Olivier (11 December 2008). "Congo-Kinshasa: Ngiri-Ngiri - Le premier parc des jeux a été construit après 1960" [Congo-Kinshasa: Ngiri-Ngiri - The first game park was built after 1960]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  18. ↑ Mangombo, Beaudras Tabibi; Tshimbalanga, Maurice Kupangi; Kwete, Fréderick Kwetepey; Mokoko, Cédric Nsamongo; Mumony, Lambert; Kabwebwe, Eddhy Mushimbe; Kidiko, Jonathan Kuzangamana; Iyemwe, Nove Imoma (2020). "Evolution des recettes et des depenses au Centre Hospitalier d'Etat de Ngiri-Ngiri de 2016 a 2018" [Evolution of income and expenditure at the Centre Hospitalier d'Etat de Ngiri-Ngiri from 2016 to 2018](PDF). Mouvements et Enjeux Sociaux (in French). p. 71. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  19. ↑ Ekuenakia, Bibiche Mbutu; Kemfine, Landry L.; Ngoy, Stella Alphonse K.; Bomoi, Henry Jacques M.; Munenge, Anderson M.; Kanku, Becker T.; Nungu, Fideline N.; Bazungula, Lily K. (8 December 2024). "Gestion Des Déchets Biomédicaux En Milieu Hospitalier De La Commune De Ngiri Ngiri. Cas Du Centre Hospitalier D'état De Ngiri Ngiri" [Management of Biomedical Waste in Hospital Environment of Ngiri Ngiri Commune. Case of Ngiri Ngiri State Hospital Center]. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (in French). 48 (1): 3. doi:10.52155/ijpsat.v48.1.6785. ISSN   2509-0119.
  20. ↑ "Réhabilitation du Centre Hospitalier Bolingo" [Rehabilitation of the Bolingo Hospital Center]. tvcmedical-fr (in French). 20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  21. ↑ Luzolo, Liévin (20 February 2020). "Kinshasa: pas de victime à l'incendie de l'hôpital Fidji à Ngiri-Ngiri" [Kinshasa: No casualties in the fire at Fidji hospital in Ngiri-Ngiri]. Election-net.com (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  22. ↑ Kitsita, Rachel (16 October 2020). "Kinshasa: les gouvernements national et provincial décident de la fermeture d'un centre de santé de Ngiri-ngiri frappé par un incendie" [Kinshasa: National and provincial governments decide to close a Ngiri-ngiri health center hit by fire]. Mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  23. ↑ "Africa Directory Services: De Ngiri-Ngiri Polyclinique, Ngiri-Ngiri, Kinshasa". Africa Directory Services. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  24. ↑ Mapinduzi, Charles (22 December 2024). "Santé: à Kinshasa, TVC Médical, un centre hospitalier qui sauve les vies et soigne tous les problèmes de santé dont le "mbasu"" [Health: in Kinshasa, TVC Médical, a hospital center that saves lives and treats all health problems including "mbasu"]. Partisan-rdc.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  25. ↑ "Hôpital TVC Médical,". tvcmedical-fr (in French). Ngiri-Ngiri, Kinshasa. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  26. ↑ Kaleb, Jeff (13 November 2019). "Kinshasa: H. Wamu au chevet des malades du centre médical TVC à Ngiri-Ngiri" [Kinshasa: H. Wamu at the bedside of the sick at the TVC medical center in Ngiri-Ngiri]. 7sur7.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  27. ↑ "L'hôpital TVC médical doté d'un centre de Dialyse ultra moderne" [TVC Medical Hospital with an ultra-modern Dialysis Center]. ACP (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  28. ↑ "Developpement du Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Hopital Sainte Marie" [Development of the Biology Laboratory of Sainte Marie Hospital](PDF). Mediatheque.agencemicroprojets.org (in French). Paris, France. 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  29. ↑ "Kinshasa: Development of the medical biology laboratory of Sainte Marie Hospital". La Guilde. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  30. ↑ Association pour l'Innovation en Sciences et Analyses. "Réhabilitation de l'hôpital sainte marie à kinshasa: les travaux sont lances!" [Rehabilitation of Sainte Marie hospital in Kinshasa: WORK HAS STARTED!]. HelloAsso (in French). Association pour l'Innovation en Sciences et Analyses. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  31. ↑ "Kinshasa: fermeture de la morgue de Ngiri-Ngiri pour raison de réhabilitation" [Kinshasa: Closure of the Ngiri-Ngiri morgue for rehabilitation reasons]. ACP (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  32. ↑ "Kinshasa: la capacité de la morgue d'une commune passée de 80 à 120 corps" [Kinshasa: the capacity of a municipality's morgue increased from 80 to 120 bodies]. ACP (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 15 May 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  33. ↑ "Hôpital Général de Référence de Kintambo" [Kintambo General Reference Hospital]. Ph-rdc.org (in French). 7 May 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  34. ↑ "Congo-Kinshasa: 2.177 églises et sectes recencées à Kinshasa" [Congo-Kinshasa: 2,177 churches and sects listed in Kinshasa]. PanAfrican News Agency (in French). Dakar, Senegal. 27 October 2000. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  35. ↑ Musangu, Alain (15 August 2001). "Congo-Kinshasa: Pour commémorer son 45ème anniversaire: la paroisse St Pie X cherche 196.000 FC". Lephareonline.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  36. ↑ "Une soirée d'affermissement des jeunes fidèles promus à la paroisse Saint Pie X de Ngiri-Ngiri" [An evening of strengthening the young faithful promoted to the parish of Saint Pius X in Ngiri-Ngiri]. ACP (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  37. ↑ Mely-Ibaa, John Nshole (2009). "Le discours comme enjeu du marketing religieux. Analyse du discours de l'archevêque de Kinshasa" [Discourse as a stake in religious marketing. Analysis of the speech of the Archbishop of Kinshasa] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université des Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication (IFASIC). Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  38. ↑ Bashomba, Mugisho (20 December 2023). "A Ngiri-Ngiri, les électeurs du centre Sainte Agathe attendent toujours le début du vote" [In Ngiri-Ngiri, voters in the Sainte Agathe center are still waiting for voting to begin]. Ouragan.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  39. ↑ Mely-Ibaa, John Nshole (2009). "Le discours comme enjeu du marketing religieux. Analyse du discours de l'archevêque de Kinshasa" [Discourse as a stake in religious marketing. Analysis of the speech of the Archbishop of Kinshasa] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université des Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication (IFASIC). Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  40. ↑ "Inauguration à Kinshasa du temple kimbanguiste moderne de la paroisse de Niangara" [Inauguration in Kinshasa of the modern Kimbanguist temple of the parish of Niangara]. ACP (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  41. ↑ Masidi, Lucien (13 July 2019). "Église kimbanguiste: l'aile Monkoto prône la réconciliation de tous les fidèles" [Kimbanguist Church: the Monkoto wing advocates the reconciliation of all the faithful]. linterview.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  42. ↑ "Religion: les femmes de l'église kimbanguiste appelées à préserver leur foi" [Religion: Women of the Kimbanguist Church called to preserve their faith]. ACP (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  43. ↑ "Enfin, le corps de maman Nsalulu exposé à Monkoto" [Finally, the body of Mama Nsalulu exposed in Monkoto]. Mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  44. ↑ "Kinshasa: Ngobila face aux fidèles de l'Armée de victoire" [Kinshasa: Ngobila faces the faithful of the Army of Victory]. AfricaNews RDC (in French). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  45. ↑ "République démocratique du Congo: 8bis Avenue Opala, Kinshasa". Addresshistoryafrica.com (in French). Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  46. ↑ Tshokuta, Ben (2 October 2022). "Kinshasa: la Paroisse C.E.C Ngiri-Ngiri a célébré son cinquantenaire et la dédicace de son temple" [Kinshasa: CEC Ngiri-Ngiri Parish celebrated its fiftieth anniversary and the dedication of its temple]. CongoPresse.net (in French). Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  47. ↑ Kleber-Lobservateur (24 February 2013). "Kleber-Lobservateur". Kleber-Lobservateur (in French). Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  48. ↑ Lydie, Manzu (25 January 2021). "Kinshasa-Bopeto: les fidèles de l'Église Armée de victoire imprégnés de la vision de Ngobila" [Kinshasa-Bopeto: The faithful of the Church Army of Victory imbued with the vision of Ngobila]. Ouragan.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  49. ↑ "Le pasteur Kutino Fernando libéré, l'église "Armée de Victoire" en fête" [Pastor Kutino Fernando released, "Army of Victory" church celebrates]. 7sur7.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  50. ↑ Kandembi, Aubin (8 August 2016). "Congo-Kinshasa: "Jésus-Christ Ma Référence" /37ème CADC/Berée - Les jeunes en campagne d'évangélisation" [Congo-Kinshasa: "Jesus Christ My Reference" /37th CADC/Berée - Young people in an evangelization campaign]. La Prospérité (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  51. ↑ Bilonda, Béa (4 September 2001). "Congo-Kinshasa: L'Eglise Patmos annonce la collation des grades aux épouses des pasteurs" [Congo-Kinshasa: Patmos Church announces the conferral of degrees to pastors' wives]. Le Phare (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  52. ↑ Ngoy, Patient Nday (2007). "Analyse des stratégies marketing d'une entreprise de panification dans un environnement concurrentiel "cas de pain victoire"" [Analysis of the marketing strategies of a bread-making company in a competitive environment "case of victory bread"] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Ecole Supérieure des Métiers de l'Informatique et du Commerce. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  53. ↑ Mobateli, Angelo (26 September 2011). "Congo-Kinshasa: Industrie - L'Usine de panification de Kinshasa confrontée à une demande accrue de pains" [Congo-Kinshasa: Industry - The Kinshasa bread factory faces increased demand for bread]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  54. ↑ Kiboko, Amedee Mwarabu (17 April 2006). "Congo-Kinshasa: Vie des entreprises : l'Usine de panification de Kinshasa veut accroître sa capacité industrielle" [Congo-Kinshasa: Business life: the Kinshasa bread factory wants to increase its industrial capacity]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  55. ↑ "Football Club Féminin Amani: A propos de nous" [Amani Women's Football Club: About Us]. archive.wikiwix.com (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  56. ↑ Lokale, Prisca (26 September 2019). "Ruth Bondo, la gardienne de but qui rêve de coacher les hommes" [Ruth Bondo, the goalkeeper who dreams of coaching men]. Actualite.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  57. ↑ Mass, Gaby (2 September 2015). "Tournoi Airtel Jeunes Talents" [Airtel Young Talents Tournament]. 7sur7.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  58. ↑ Kaforo, Olivier (29 March 2008). "Congo-Kinshasa: Le marché "Bayaka" de moins en moins fréquenté" [Congo-Kinshasa: The "Bayaka" market is less and less frequented]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  59. ↑ Kaforo, Olivier (6 September 2007). "Congo-Kinshasa: Ngiri-Ngiri - Les "commissionnaires" à la base de la flambée des prix au marché Bayaka" [Congo-Kinshasa: Ngiri-Ngiri - The "commission agents" at the root of the surge in prices at the Bayaka market]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  60. ↑ Kalonji, David Mukendi (16 November 2021). "Tournoi "Génies en herbe": les collèges St Joseph/Elikya et Saint Vincent de Paul en demi-finale" ["Budding Geniuses" tournament: St Joseph/Elikya and Saint Vincent de Paul colleges in the semi-finals]. Congoprofond.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  61. ↑ Ngalula, Christine (26 May 2017). "Congo-Kinshasa: 1ère édition du concours Génie en herbe - Phase finale/Le Collège Abbé Loya étrangle le collège Saint Martin!" [Congo-Kinshasa: 1st edition of the Génie en herbe competition - Final phase/Abbé Loya College strangles Saint Martin College!]. La Prospérité (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  62. ↑ "Les meilleures écoles de la ville de Kinshasa district Funa" [The best schools in the city of Kinshasa, Funa district]. Congovirtuel.com (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  63. ↑ Malonga, Samuel (30 November 2014). "Abbé Jean Loya, martyr de l'indépendance" [Abbé Jean Loya, martyr of independence]. Mbokamosika (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  64. 1 2 3 Mukendi, Octave (6 January 2023). "Kinshasa: les équipes de la CENI inspectent les centres d'enrôlement" [Kinshasa: CENI teams inspect enrollment centers]. AfricaNews RDC (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  65. ↑ Yalala, Rodrigue (23 February 2015). "Congo-Kinshasa: Commune de Ngiri-Ngiri - Les chefs d'établissements scolaires et les commerçants lancent un appel au calme!" [Congo-Kinshasa: Commune of Ngiri-Ngiri - School heads and traders call for calm!]. La Prospérité (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  66. 1 2 3 4 "Actions Eau Assainissement: Projet d'approvisionnement en Eau potable et services d'Assainissement dans la commune de Ngiri-Ngiri, quartier Diangenda" [Water and Sanitation Actions: Drinking water supply project and sanitation services in the commune of Ngiri-Ngiri, Diangenda district]. Pseau.org (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  67. ↑ "Congo-Kinshasa: André Kimbuta inaugure l'école primaire moderne de Ngiri-Ngiri!" [Congo-Kinshasa: André Kimbuta inaugurates the modern primary school of Ngiri-Ngiri!]. La Prospérité (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  68. ↑ Ntumba, Willy Ilunga (2006). "FLS: Analyse des manuels et évaluation des compétences linguistiques en RD. Congo - Willy Ilunga Ntumba" [FLS: Analysis of textbooks and assessment of language skills in DR Congo] (in French). Paris, France: Université Sorbonne Nouvelle . Retrieved 19 January 2025.
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  70. ↑ Ntumba, Rich (4 November 2023). "Réhabilitation de l'Institut technique de Ngiri-Ngiri : Wamu satisfaite de l'évolution des travaux" [Rehabilitation of the Ngiri-Ngiri Technical Institute: Wamu satisfied with the progress of the work]. Ouragan.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  71. 1 2 "Consultation des listes électorales provisoires: Les électeurs viennent à compte-goutte dans les centres d'affichage" [Consultation of provisional electoral lists: Voters come in dribs and drabs to the posting centres]. 7sur7.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  72. ↑ "Congo-Kinshasa: EPSP : Elysée Munembwe inspecte les écoles en réhabilitation pour la rentrée scolaire" [Congo-Kinshasa: EPSP: Elysée Munembwe inspects schools being rehabilitated for the start of the school year]. Le Phare (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 23 July 2003. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  73. ↑ "Lors d'un atelier de renforcement des capacités: Le Professeur Justin Kafwamwila souligne l'importance de la numérisation des documents" [At a capacity building workshop: Professor Justin Kafwamwila highlights the importance of digitizing documents]. Latempete.info (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  74. ↑ "Kinshasa: reconstruction de l'athénée de Ngiri-Ngiri, mythe ou réalité ?" [Kinshasa: reconstruction of the Ngiri-Ngiri Athenaeum, myth or reality?]. Radio Okapi (in French). 8 December 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
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  76. 1 2 Olivier, Diosso (28 July 2007). "Congo-Kinshasa: Le phénomène Kuluna continue à faire des victimes" [Congo-Kinshasa: The Kuluna phenomenon continues to claim victims]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  77. ↑ Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (21 August 2017). ""Kuluna" gangs, including areas where they have influence; government efforts against them, including effectiveness and resources available; state protection available to victims and its effectiveness (2013-August 2017)". Irb-cisr.gc.ca. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
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  79. 1 2 3 Nsenda, Martin Milolo (2020). "L'echec de l'action policiere anti-kuluna et la tentative d'une nouvelle approche eradicatrice en Republique Democratique du Congo" [The failure of anti-kuluna police action and the attempt at a new eradication approach in the Democratic Republic of Congo](PDF). Nomos-elibrary.de (in French). p. 322. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  80. ↑ Kongo, Véron-Clément (24 February 2007). "Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa - régression du phénomène "Kuluna"" [Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa - regression of the "Kuluna" phenomenon]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  81. ↑ Ovungu, Caleb (2018). "L'influence des médias sur le comportement des jeunes kinois. Cas de la télévision Congo Education Broadcasting System (CEBS)" [The influence of the media on the behavior of young people in Kinshasa. Case of the Congo Education Broadcasting System (CEBS) television] (in French). Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa . Retrieved 20 December 2024.

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