Ngaliema

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Ngaliema
Commune
Commune de Ngaliema
Ngaliema bay.jpg
Ngaliema Bay
Ngaliema
Ngaliema
Ngaliema on map of Kinshasa city-province
Democratic Republic of the Congo (26 provinces) - Kinshasa.svg
Kinshasa city-province on map of DR Congo
Coordinates: 04°20′56″S15°15′10″E / 4.34889°S 15.25278°E / -4.34889; 15.25278 [1]
CountryFlag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg DR Congo
City-Province Kinshasa
Area
 • Total
224.3 km2 (86.6 sq mi)
Population
 (2015 est.)
 • Total
2,025,942
 • Density9,000/km2 (23,000/sq mi)

Ngaliema is a commune in the Lukunga District of Kinshasa. Covering an area of approximately 224.3 square kilometers, it is one of the largest communes in the city and had an estimated population of 2,025,942 as of 2015. [2] [3] [4] Established on 12 October 1957, [5] Ngaliema was officially delineated by Ministerial Decree No. 69-042 of 23 January 1969 and is currently governed under Decree-Laws No. 82-006 and 82-008 of 29 January 1982, which define the administrative and political organization of the country and the status of Kinshasa. [3]

Contents

The commune is composed of 21 quartiers (neighborhoods) and is bordered by the Republic of the Congo to the north, Mont-Ngafula to the south and southeast, Kintambo and Gombe to the east, and the Congo and Lukunga Rivers to the west. [3] [5] Its name originates from a Brazzaville native, Ngaliema, who settled in the area after defeating a local chief, Lingwala, prior to the arrival of the Welsh-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley. [3]

Geography

Ngaliema is situated within a landscape of hills and valleys, featuring some of the highest elevations in western Kinshasa. [6] The terrain is marked by significant erosion in certain areas. The commune's boundaries are largely defined by natural and infrastructural landmarks. To the north, Ngaliema borders the Republic of the Congo along the Congo River, extending from the confluence with the Lukunga River to the confluence with the Gombe River. [7] From this point, a straight boundary line separates it from the commune of Gombe. [7] The northern boundary continues along a high-voltage power line toward the western edge of the Colonel Kokolo Military Camp, proceeding past the Bandalungwa River and a railway intersection near Sport Street. The western boundary follows the Lukunga River southward until it meets the Congo River, forming a straight-line border. [7] To the south, the boundary extends toward the Bikela River, following it to its confluence with the Lukunga River in the Mont-Ngafula commune. [7] The eastern border runs along Kikwit Avenue to the Lubudi River, then upstream to its source, continuing by a straight line south to Laurent-Désiré Kabila Avenue and connecting with the source of the Bikela River. [7]

Hydrography and soils

Les rochers.jpg
Pierres au bord du fleuve Congo dans la commune de Ngaliema.jpg
The rocks on the bank of the Congo River from Kinsuka-Pêcheur quartier in Ngaliema

Ngaliema's hydrographic network is primarily composed of boundary-defining rivers, rather than internal waterways. The most prominent rivers include the Lukunga, the Binza, and the Makelele, each of which forms natural borders with adjacent communes. [7] These rivers are integral to the region's drainage system, particularly during the rainy season, when heavy downpours intensify flooding and erosion. [7]

The soil composition across Ngaliema is predominantly a mix of clay and sand, with notable variation depending on the topography. Certain zones are characterized by heavier clay content, showing greater water retention, while others are dominated by more porous and less stable sandy soils. [7]

Climate

Ngaliema experiences a typical equatorial tropical climate, typified by high humidity and persistently warm temperatures throughout the year. The climatic cycle is split into two primary seasons: a rainy season and a dry season. [7] The rainy season spans roughly eight months, from mid-September to mid-May, and is characterized by intense and frequent rainfall that contributes to soil degradation and the swelling of rivers. [7] The dry season, lasting from mid-May to mid-September, brings a marked decline in precipitation and a modest reduction in humidity levels. Nevertheless, temperatures remain relatively constant year-round. [7]

Due to its steep slopes, weak sandy soils, and prolonged wet periods, Ngaliema is particularly prone to erosion. [8] [9] Large gullies and ravines, some of which pose threats to residential areas, roads, and public infrastructure, are a recurring issue. [10] [8] [9] [11] This environmental vulnerability is also aggravated by rapid, often unregulated urban expansion, deforestation on hillsides, and inadequate drainage infrastructure. [8] [9] [11]

Administrative structure and governance

Ngaliema, like all communes within Kinshasa, functions as a decentralized territorial entity (entité territoriale décentralisée, ETD) possessing legal personality and administrative autonomy. Its governance structure is centered on two principal bodies: the Conseil Communal (Communal Council) and the Collège Exécutif Communal (Communal Executive College). [12]

The Conseil Communal serves as the commune's deliberative assembly. It is composed of members known as conseillers communaux, who are elected by direct universal suffrage. The council's responsibilities include debating and deciding on matters of communal interest across economic, social, cultural, and technical sectors. [12] It also elects the bourgmestre (mayor) and deputy mayor through indirect suffrage and oversees the implementation of policies and programs executed by the commune's executive branch. [12]

The Collège Exécutif Communal, led by the bourgmestre and assisted by the deputy mayor, acts as the executive organ responsible for the daily administration of the commune. [12] It also includes two échevins communaux (aldermen), appointed based on competence, credibility, and community representation. This body executes decisions adopted by the council and manages local governance under the broader authority of the Governor of Kinshasa. [12]

Administratively, Ngaliema is divided into 21 quartiers (neighborhoods), which are further subdivided into avenues. [3] The size and layout of these quartiers vary, with planned urban quartiers generally following a formal grid pattern, while semi-urban or informal areas tend to be larger and form part of Kinshasa's urban sprawl. [12] Each quartier is managed by a local administration composed of a chef de quartier (neighborhood chief), deputy, secretary, population officer, and a team of enumerators (agents recenseurs). These officials are appointed by the Governor of Kinshasa. [12]

No.Quartiers (neighborhoods)
1.Lukunga
2.Ngomba Kikusa
3.Bumba
4.Binza-Pigeon
5.Djelo Binza
6.Bangu
7.Punda
8.Kimpe
9.Anciens Combattants
10.Basoko
11.Congo
12.Joli Parc
13.Kinkenda
14.Kinsuka Pêcheur
15.Lonzo
16.Musey
17.Mama-Yemo
18.Manenga
19.Mfinda
20.Monganga
21.Lubudi

Source: Report from the Commune of Ngaliema (2009) [7]

Economy

Macampagne ngaliema.jpg
Avenue Ma Campagne is a street located in the northeast of Ngaliema

Ngaliema serves as a residential and industrial hub within Kinshasa, characterized by a mix of upscale quartiers (neighborhoods) and industrial zones. The commune is home to members of the upper bourgeoisie and high-income earners, which makes it one of the city's more affluent areas. [7] Many of its quartiers are mixed-use, where factories coexist alongside well-developed residential areas, connected by a network of paved roads. [7] However, the commune also bears traces of unregulated urban expansion, especially in the aftermath of Congolese independence in 1960. Spontaneous settlements emerged in areas unsuitable for construction—such as hillsides, wetlands, and flood zones—often in violation of urban planning laws. [7] This disorderly urbanization was driven by several factors, including the sudden exodus of colonial administrators, unauthorized land sales by traditional chiefs and local officials, the instability of the post-independence civil war, and rapid rural-to-urban migration. [7] The resulting housing crisis accelerated the creation of informal settlements such as Kinsuka Pêcheurs quartier. [7]

MARCHAND 01.jpg
Gravel trade along Avenue du Tourisme in Ngaliema

In addition to its residential and industrial functions, Ngaliema contributes to Kinshasa's urban agriculture through its involvement in the Green Belt and Presidential Valleys (Ceintures Vertes et Vallées Présidentielles; CVVP) program, launched in 1972 as part of a broader governmental initiative to promote food security and urban horticulture. [7] This initiative sought to develop productive agricultural zones around Kinshasa, including areas within Ngaliema. [7] The Lukunga site, located in the Lukunga quartier, became a focal point for market gardening activities in the commune. [7] The program was supported by French cooperation and institutionalized through the establishment of CECOMAF (Centre de Coopération Maraîchère de Kinshasa), an organization tasked with land management, infrastructure oversight, and the dissemination of modern agricultural techniques. [7] Although CECOMAF faced limitations in product commercialization, it facilitated the organization of over 8,000 market gardeners into 12 cooperatives. [7] These cooperatives focus primarily on cultivating fast-growing crops, such as amaranth (biteku-teku), sweet potato leaves (matembele), roselle (ngai-ngai), spinach, and chives, which are staples in the diet of Kinshasa residents. [7]

Tourism

Chapelle missionnaire CBCO Sims.jpg
Sims Chapel, located on Avenue de l'Avenir in the Basoko quartier (neighborhood) of Ngaliema, is the first Christian building ever constructed in the city.
Eglise Saint Leopold.jpg
Saint-Léopold catholic parish in Ngaliema

Ngaliema is the most ancient and historically significant commune in the city. As the site where Welsh-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley first established an encampment that later evolved into modern-day Kinshasa, Ngaliema features several heritage landmarks and scenic locations, with its strategic position along the Congo River offering visitors panoramic views of Ngaliema Bay and the Kinsuka Rapids. [13]

The commune is home to several significant cultural and historical attractions. Among these landmarks are Sims Chapel (1891), established by Reverend Aaron Sims of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society and considered the first Christian structure in Kinshasa; [13] [14] the Saint-Léopold catholic parish, founded in 1899; and the Institute of National Museums of Congo, which preserves and exhibits national artifacts and historical collections. [13]

F Theatre de verdure Ngaliema.jpg
The Théâtre de la Verdure in 1974

The Marble Palace, originally a guest residence during Mobutu Sese Seko's regime and later the official presidential residence under Laurent-Désiré Kabila, is located within the commune. [15] [16] [17] Nearby is the Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp, a military complex housing the Ministry of Defense and the joint Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), as well as a Republican Guard military hospital. [18] Adjacent to the camp is the traditional presidential residence, situated on Mount Ngaliema (formerly Mount Stanley during the colonial era) initially used as the residence of the governor of the former Léopoldville. [19] [20] [21] [22] Following Congolese independence in 1960, the site became the residence of the Republic's first president, Joseph Kasa-Vubu. In 1966, under President Mobutu, the site was renamed Mont Ngaliema and redeveloped as a Parc Présidentiel (Presidential Park), with landscaping and garden designs by the Franco-Tunisian architect Olivier-Clément Cacoub. [19] [23] The park was adorned with statues of historical figures such as Leopold II of Belgium and Henry Morton Stanley, and featured the Théâtre de la Verdure, an open-air amphitheater modeled on classical Greco-Roman designs, completed in 1970. [19] The presidential palace and surrounding complex were subject to extensive looting in 1997, following the collapse of the Mobutu regime during the First Congo War. [19] [24] Ngaliema also contains the African Union City, a complex established in September 1967 to host heads of state attending the Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit held in Kinshasa. [24] [25] [26] [27]

PHOT DU JOUR DU JEUDI 7 OCTOBRE 2021.jpg
African Union City

Other notable sites include the Cimetière des Pionniers (Pioneers' Cemetery) and remnants of colonial infrastructure such as the original shipyard and port, as well as the Kintambo-Magasins commercial center. [13] [28] [29]

Ngaliema is home to the terminus of an old caravan route and communal buildings, which were originally constructed in 1930 as the first hospital for Europeans in the region. [13] The commune also showcases artisanal craftsmanship through furniture workshops using kekele liana, along with natural attractions known as the Symphonies Naturelles. [13]

Demographics

Population and languages

Ngaliema has experienced significant demographic growth over the past two decades. In 2005, the population was estimated at 518,821 inhabitants, increasing to 555,770 by 2008. [30]

Historical population of Ngaliema
Year19671970198420032004
Population30,64063,844252,151660,646683,135

In 2009, Ngaliema's population was distributed across its 21 quartiers (neighborhoods), with notable variations in size and density. The most populous quartiers included Binza-Pigeon (39,197), Bumba (38,435), Lukunga (35,720), and Manenga (31,802), each surpassing 30,000 inhabitants and representing key centers of urban concentration. [7] Other sizeable quartiers include Monganga (28,185), Musey (28,608), Ngomba Kikusa (27,542), and Lonzo (24,475). Mid-sized quartiers included Anciens Combattants (22,686), Punda (20,386), Congo (19,591), and Djelo Binza (17,618), with populations ranging between 15,000 and 23,000. [7] Basoko (8,342), Kinkenda (4,166), Mama-Yemo (3,569), Mfinda (3,837), Kinsuka Pêcheur (2,690), and Lubudi (2,344) represented the least populated quartiers, with the smallest being Joli Parc, which had only 1,859 residents. [7]

No.Quartiers (neighborhoods)Population (2009 est)
1.Lukunga35,720
2.Ngomba Kikusa27,542
3.Bumba38,435
4.Binza-Pigeon39,197
5.Djelo Binza17,618
6.Bangu12,845
7.Punda20,386
8.Kimpe15,783
9.Anciens Combattants22,686
10.Basoko8,342
11.Congo19,591
12.Joli Parc1,859
13.Kinkenda4,166
14.Kinsuka Pêcheur2,690
15.Lonzo24,475
16.Musey28,608
17.Mama-Yemo3,569
18.Manenga31,802
19.Mfinda3,837
20.Monganga28,185
21.Lubudi2,344

Source: Report from the Commune of Ngaliema (2009) [7]

By 2015, the number of residents had risen sharply to an estimated 2,025,942, making Ngaliema one of the most densely populated and rapidly growing communes in the capital. [2]

The commune is linguistically diverse, with Lingala serving as the most widely spoken language in daily communication and urban life. [31] French, the official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is used in administration, education, and formal settings. Tshiluba and Kikongo are also commonly spoken among communities originating from other regions of the country. [31]

Religion

Religious affiliation in Ngaliema is marked by a mix of traditional Christian denominations and newer revivalist movements. The principal faith communities include the Roman Catholic Church, Protestant churches, and the Kimbanguist Church. [31] In recent decades, however, revival or "églises de réveil" (born-again churches) have gained widespread popularity, attracting large followings despite the longstanding presence of traditional churches. [31]

Education

Ngaliema is home to a wide array of educational institutions, ranging from preschool to university level. Among its notable schools is the American School of Kinshasa (TASOK), one of the leading international schools in the country, and the public Université Pédagogique Nationale, the DRC's first pedagogical university. [32] [33] [34] Other private institutions include the Ecole Internationale Bilingue le Cartésien and the Groupe Scolaire Aurore-Matanelo, the latter of which operates campuses in Ngaliema and Limete, offering primary, secondary, and humanities education. [34] [35] The commune also hosts several public and religious institutions, including the Bobokoli Institute, entrusted to the Marist Brothers, which was initially established as a primary school but expanded to secondary education in 1973. [36] [37] Although its literature section was transferred to Collège Boboto shortly thereafter, the institute specialized in the sciences and, over time, introduced specialized streams such as mathematics and physics for both boys and girls. [36]

Other significant establishments include the Lycée Tobongisa, [38] [39] [40] Complexe Scolaire Mafuta, [41] [42] Collège Don Bosco de Lukunga, [43] [44] and Collège Saint Cyprien primary school. [45] The commune also hosts the Institut Technique Professionnel Ngaliema (ITP), which traces its roots back to 1920, when it was founded as a vocational school. It later evolved into the Centre de Spécialisation Professionnelle (CSP) before being restructured as ITP in 2000. [46] [47] [48]

Embassies

The French Embassy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is located in the northern part of the commune, at 1 Colonel Mondjiba Avenue, in the Basoko quartier, near the border with Gombe. [49]

The Lebanese Embassy is located in the Joli Parc quartier, Ma Campagne, at 19 Joli Parc Avenue. [50]

References

  1. ↑ "Ngaliema, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Google Maps. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  2. 1 2 Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Sukisa, Maspy Yeta (2008). "La pression de l'habitat sur le site maraicher de Lukunga dans la commmune de Ngaliema a Kinshasa: problématique de planification urbaine et pistes d'aménagement" [The pressure of housing on the Lukunga market gardening site in the commune of Ngaliema in Kinshasa: issues of urban planning and development prospects] (in French). Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa . Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  4. ↑ "Géographie de Kinshasa (Geography of Kinshasa)" (in French). Ville de Kinshasa (City of Kinshasa). Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  5. 1 2 "Le développement de la commune de Ngaliema au centre de la célébration du 65ème anniversaire de cette municipalité" [The development of the commune of Ngaliema at the center of the celebration of the 65th anniversary of this municipality]. Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  6. ↑ Nzuzi, Francis Lelo (2008). Kinshasa: ville et environnement. Editions L'Harmattan. p. 132. ISBN   978-2-296-06080-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Sukisa, Maspy Yeta (2008). "La pression de l'habitat sur le site maraicher de Lukunga dans la commmune de Ngaliema a Kinshasa: problématique de planification urbaine et pistes d'aménagement" [The pressure of housing on the Lukunga market gardening site in the commune of Ngaliema in Kinshasa: issues of urban planning and development prospects] (in French). Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa . Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 "Lutte contre les érosions en RDC : quelles sont les bonnes stratégies?" [Fighting erosion in the DRC: what are the right strategies?]. Radio Okapi (in French). 11 April 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  9. 1 2 3 "Kinshasa: à Ngaliema, ces têtes d'érosions qui ont déjà englouti des maisons et ne cessent de progresser (photoreportage)" [Kinshasa: in Ngaliema, these erosion heads which have already swallowed up houses and continue to progress (photo report)]. Actualite.cd (in French). 1 August 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  10. ↑ Imwangana, Fils Makanzu (2010). "Etude de l'érosion ravinante à Kinshasa par télédétection et SIG (système d'information géographique) entre 1957 et 2007" [Study of gully erosion in Kinshasa using remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information System) between 1957 and 2007] (in French). Liège, Wallonia, Belgium: University of Liège . Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  11. 1 2 Wouters, Thomas; Wolff, Eléonore (1 October 2010). "Contribution à l'analyse de l'érosion intra-urbaine à Kinshasa (R.D.C.)" [Contribution to the analysis of intra-urban erosion in Kinshasa (DRC)]. Revue belge de géographie (in French) (3): 293–314. doi:10.4000/belgeo.6477. ISSN   1377-2368.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 48–50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ilunga, Aristarque (2015). "Promouvoir les atouts touristiques de la ville de Kinshasa à l'ère des terminaux mobiles" [Promoting the tourist attractions of the city of Kinshasa in the era of mobile terminals] (in French). Hauts-de-France, France: University of Picardy Jules Verne . Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  14. ↑ Mboka, Mwana (4 May 2016). "Kinshasa Then and Now: Leopoldville 1891 - Dr. Sims builds a Chapel". Kinshasa Then and Now. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  15. ↑ Rabuni, Popol (20 April 2024). "Palais de Marbre: 12 ans depuis que Kabila interdit son survol!" [Marble Palace: 12 years since Kabila banned its overflight!]. Ouragan.cd (in French). Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  16. ↑ "Vif engouement de la population au Mémorial Mzee Laurent Désiré Kabila au Palais de marbre" [Strong enthusiasm of the population at the Mzee Laurent Désiré Kabila Memorial at the Marble Palace]. Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  17. ↑ Kouadio, Jean-Francois (2017-10-26). La Republique des singes (in French). Oxford, United Kingdom: African Books Collective. p. 110. ISBN   978-1-990922-62-6.
  18. ↑ Kitzita, Jephthah (9 April 2023). "RDC: Félix Tshisekedi inaugure le nouvel hôpital militaire de la Garde Républicaine situé au Camp Tshatshi" [DRC: Félix Tshisekedi inaugurates the new military hospital of the Republican Guard located at Camp Tshatshi]. 7sur7.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Bayo, Herman Bangi (2 July 2020). "Mont Ngaliema: musée en plein air…" [Mount Ngaliema: open-air museum…]. E-journal.info (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  20. ↑ Beurden, Sarah Van (25 November 2015). Authentically African: Arts and the Transnational Politics of Congolese Culture. Athens, Ohio, United States: Ohio University Press. ISBN   978-0-8214-4545-7.
  21. ↑ United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (1975). Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1976: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session. Washington, D.C., United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 817.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Central & Southern Africa Series: Volume 17, Issue 1. New York State, United States: American Universities Field Staff. 1973. p. 5.
  23. ↑ Söntgen, Beate; Voss, Julia, eds. (20 April 2022). Why Art Criticism? A Reader. Berlin, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag. p. 393. ISBN   978-3-7757-5093-6.
  24. 1 2 Morice, Florence (27 January 2019). "RDC: où loger le nouveau président de la République congolaise F. Tshisekedi?" [DRC: Where to house the new President of the Congolese Republic, F. Tshisekedi?]. Radio France Internationale (in French). Paris, France. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  25. ↑ Decraene, Philippe (1 October 1967). "A Kinshasa les dirigeants de l'O.U.A. ont réaffirmé leur solidarité". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Paris, France. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  26. ↑ Nagel, R.; Rathbone, R. (1967). "The OAU at Kinshasa". The World Today . 23 (11). London, England, United Kingdom: Chatham House: 473–483. ISSN   0043-9134.
  27. ↑ "Le Président Félix Tshisekedi installé à la cité de l'UA" [President Félix Tshisekedi installed at the AU city]. Mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  28. ↑ Laporte, Christian (30 June 2010). "Le Roi sur les traces d'Albert Ier et de Stanley" [The King in the footsteps of Albert I and Stanley]. La Libre Belgique (in French). Etterbeek, Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  29. ↑ "Le roi Albert II au chantier de Chanic sur les traces de Stanley" [King Albert II at the Chanic shipyard in Stanley's footsteps]. RTBF (in French). Schaerbeek, Brussels, Belgium. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  30. ↑ Sukisa, Maspy Yeta (2008). "La pression de l'habitat sur le site maraicher de Lukunga dans la commmune de Ngaliema a Kinshasa: problématique de planification urbaine et pistes d'aménagement" [La pression de l'habitat sur le site maraicher de Lukunga dans la commmune de Ngaliema a Kinshasa: problématique de planification urbaine et pistes d'aménagement] (in French). Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa . Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Ngwakonde, Marcel Luboya (2014). "Implication des couples mariés dans la planification familiale" [Involvement of married couples in family planning] (in French). Ngaliema, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Pédagogique Nationale . Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  32. ↑ "Home." American School of Kinshasa. Retrieved on 8 December 2017. "The American School of Kinshasa Rte de Matadi, Ngaliema Kinshasa II, République Démocratique du Congo"
  33. ↑ "The American School of Kinshasa (TASOK): About Us". Tasok.net. Ngaliema, Kinshasa: American School of Kinshasa . Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  34. 1 2 "Au Top 10 des meilleures écoles privées de Kinshasa, Le Cartésien arrive en tête" [In the Top 10 of the best private schools in Kinshasa, Le Cartésien comes first]. AfricaNews RDC (in French). 24 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  35. ↑ "Groupe Scolaire Aurore Matanelo: Toujours Mieux" [Groupe Scolaire Aurore Matanelo: Always better]. Aurore.cd/ (in French). Ngaliema, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  36. 1 2 "Histoire de l'Institut Bobokoli" [History of the Bobokoli Institute]. Institut-bobokoli.com (in French). Ngaliema, Kinshasa: Bobokoli Institute. 28 August 2025. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  37. ↑ "L'Eglise de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours rénove une école Catholique à Kinshasa en République Démocratique du Congo.- "C'est un Miracle!"" [The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is renovating a Catholic school in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. - "It's a miracle! "]. Presse-afrique.eglisedejesus-christ.org (in French). 6 May 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  38. ↑ Kapinga, Francine (24 June 2014). "Congo-Kinshasa: Centre des examens d'Etat Tobongisa - Première journée, les finalistes satisfaits de leur prestation" [Congo-Kinshasa: Tobongisa State Examination Center - First day, finalists satisfied with their performance]. La Prospérité (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  39. ↑ Diawaku, Perside (27 March 2017). "Congo-Kinshasa: Les lycéennes de "Tobongisa" face aux hauts faits de leurs aînées" [Congo-Kinshasa: The high school girls of "Tobongisa" face the achievements of their elders]. Le Phare (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  40. ↑ Tshimueneka, Nancy Clémence (11 November 2024). "Kinshasa: sensibilisation aux violences basées sur le genre au lycée Tobongisa" [Kinshasa: Awareness raising on gender-based violence at Tobongisa High School]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  41. ↑ Nl-Ns, Fl; Nyalulelarha, Kerha (29 March 2013). "Congo-Kinshasa: Ngaliema - Les cambrioleurs du Complexe scolaire Mafuta provoquent la mort du veilleur de nuit" [Congo-Kinshasa: Ngaliema - Burglars at the Mafuta School Complex cause the death of the night watchman]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  42. ↑ "Ecoles et familles de Kinshasa mobilisées pour la rentrée scolaire du 1er septembre" [Schools and families in Kinshasa mobilized for the start of the school year on September 1]. Radio Okapi (in French). 21 August 2025. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  43. ↑ "Collège Don Bosco de Lukunga: Visite du Père Provincial" [Collège Don Bosco de Lukunga: Visit of the Provincial Father]. Accdonbosco.org (in French). Collège Don Bosco de Lukunga. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  44. ↑ "Kinshasa: Associations mouvement jaune et la fondakamp recompasent enseignant et élèves du collège Don Bosco Lukunga" [Kinshasa: Yellow Movement and Fondakamp associations recompense teachers and students at Don Bosco Lukunga College]. Actualite.cd (in French). 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  45. ↑ "L'EP Saint Cyprien n'a jamais exigé 20$ aux finalistes du primaire" [Saint Cyprien School of Public Health has never charged $20 to primary school finalists]. Ouragan.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  46. ↑ "Éducation: deux écoles de Kinshasa bénéficiaires des bancs pupitres" [Education: Two schools in Kinshasa benefit from desks]. Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 12 May 2025. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  47. ↑ Nl-Ns, Fl (24 February 2011). "Congo-Kinshasa: Créé en 1920 comme un centre d'aptitude professionnelle - L'ITP/Ngaliema: quatre-vingt-onze ans au service de la jeunesse congolaise" [Congo-Kinshasa: Created in 1920 as a vocational training center - ITP/Ngaliema: ninety-one years of service to Congolese youth]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  48. ↑ "Congo-Kinshasa: ITP/Ngaliema benefits from a Landmark Jeep" [Congo-Kinshasa: L'ITP/Ngaliema bénéficie d'une Jeep Landmark]. Le Potentiel (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  49. ↑ "Congo (République démocratique)". France-Visas (in French). Paris, France: Government of France . Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  50. ↑ "Liban: Ambassade Liban à Kinshasa". Ambassades.net (in French). Retrieved 29 August 2025.


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