Nymphaea tetragona

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Nymphaea tetragona
Nymphaea tetragona var. minima.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Nymphaea
Subgenus: Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea
Section: Nymphaea sect. Chamaenymphaea
Species:
N. tetragona
Binomial name
Nymphaea tetragona
Georgi
Synonyms [2]
List
    • Castalia crassifoliaHand.-Mazz.
    • Castalia pygmaeaSalisb.
    • Castalia rudgeanaTratt.
    • Castalia tetragona(Georgi) G.Lawson
    • Leuconymphaea tetragona(Georgi) Kuntze
    • Nymphaea crassifolia(Hand.-Mazz.) Nakai
    • Nymphaea esquiroliiH.Lév. & Vaniot
    • Nymphaea fennica Mela
    • Nymphaea japono-koreanaNakai
    • Nymphaea pygmaea(Salisb.) W.T.Aiton
    • Nymphaea tetragona var. crassifolia(Hand.-Mazz.) Y.C.Chu
    • Nymphaea tetragona var. minima(Nakai) W.Lee
    • Nymphaea tetragona var. wenzelii(Maack ex Regel) Vorosch.
    • Nymphaea wenzeliiMaack ex Regel

Nymphaea tetragona is an aquatic perennial, [3] species of flowering plant commonly called pygmy waterlily [4] and small white water lily, [5] belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae. [6] [7]

Contents

Description

Leaves

The leaves can be cordate or ovate [7] with entire margins and may be tinted purple or sometimes mottled reddish brown or purple. [8]

The leaves are sometimes affected by a fungal pathogen, Rhamphospora nymphaeae , [3] forming spots. [9]

Rhizome

The rhizomes are erect and unbranched. [7]

Floral parts

Plants produce a single floating flower that is 1.5 to 3 inches wide, with up to 15 petals; each flower has 30 to 45 yellow stamens. [5] The floating flower has petals that are white in colour. [7] The sepals and out petals are produced in whorls of four, the sepals are green in color. [5] The receptacle is four-angled [10] and the sepals are inserted into it. [7]

Seeds

The seeds are smooth [7] and rounded in shape and 2-3 × 1.5-2 mm long, being 1.3-1.5 times as long as broad; the species has 112 pairs of chromosomes. [5]

Authority

The cited authority, Georgi, is in reference to the work of a German botanist named Johann Gottlieb Georgi who is credited for first describing the species at the end of the eighteenth century from his collections in Eastern Siberia. [11] The Komarov Botanical Institute has a herbarium specimen with the description "Nymphaea tetragona sp. nova" that is thought to be collected in 1772 from the Angara River and hand labelled by Georgi himself. [11]

Distribution and habitat

Its distribution encompasses Midwestern Nepal, China, India, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia, Vietnam, North America, and Europe. [7]

In North America and Europe it native range is restricted to the boreal regions above 50° N latitude. [12]

Nymphaea tetragona inhabits ponds, lakes, and quiet streams; [5] and it is native to the region spanning from North Europe to Korea and Himalaya, and Subarctic America to Northwest USA. [2] In Minnesota it is found in slow moving streams often associated with beavers that provide suitable habitat by building dams. [10] In Minnesota the plants are typically found in water that is 1 to 2 meters deep growing in association with Zizania aquatica , Sagittaria sp, Scirpus sp, and Typha sp; Nymphaea odorata var. tuberosa and Nuphar variegata (Yellow Pond-lily) are also commonly found in the same locations. [10]

Reproduction

N. tetragona reproduces sexually by seeds. [13] [14] The mature fruits on the plant decay to reveal the seed and remain buoyant for approximately a day which is important for dispersal [14] because the habitat of N. tetragona tends to encompass calm waters like ponds, swamps, lakes, or streams. [7] [14] Dispersal over longer distances in water is facilitated through fish which like to feed on the seeds of N. tetragona [14] , overland via waterbirds, or dispersed by humans. [13] The establishment of the seed in the appropriate ecological conditions for N. tetragona to thrive and reproduce is considered to be more important than dispersal ability which appears to generally be sufficient. [13]

Conservation status

According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, N. tetragona was listed as Least Concern in 2010. [15] It has the broadest global distribution of any species in this genus [13] so the conservation status of the species can vary by region. It is considered an endangered species in China [14] and India. [16] In China, the depletion of wetlands has caused N. tetragona populations to decrease. [14] Across the N. tetragona species, populations are most at risk from the destruction of their habitat and overexploitation. [7] [14] In British Columbia, Canada, N. tetragona is listed as a blue-listed taxon meaning it is at risk and of Special Concern. [17] [18] It is also considered threatened in some states of the United States including Maine. [19] It is listed as a threatened species the US state of Minnesota. [10]

Cultural significance

N. tetragona is an important ornamental plant. [7] [14] [20] The buds of the leaf and the seeds can also be used as food. [14] In Buddhism, it is used as an offering flower. [21] It has a rich history of use in ethnomedicine. [20] Tribal practitioners of herbal medicine would use the rhizomes of N. tetragona to treat dysentery and diarrhea. [20] Furthermore, it was used to treat ailments like diarrhea with dysentery, enteritis, fever, painful urine discharge, and urinary passage infections in folk medicine. [20] On the other hand, herbal medicine practitioners used it to treat bronchial congestion and kidney pain. [20]

Pharmacological properties

N. tetragona is the first species in the family Nymphaeaceae to have Geraniin isolated and it showed evidence of inhibiting disease causing bacteria in fish. [22] A 50% methanol extract of N. tetragona has shown to be a safe method that works well in inhibiting bacterial virulence factors via intercellular communication. [20] As a result, the inhibitory properties of this extract could be effective in antimicrobial products to fight against bacterial resistance and infections. [20] Furthermore, a specific application for a 50% methanol extract of N. tetragona has been proposed as a part of an antimicrobial treatment in combination with antibiotics for fighting against the bacterial resistance of a Salmonella infection in humans and animals alike. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae. It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. One of the traits is the absence of a vascular cambium, which is required to produce both xylem (wood) and phloem, which therefore are missing. Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeaceae</span> Family of plants

Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 known species. Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on or rising from the surface. Leaves are oval and heart-shaped in Barclaya. Leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar, but fully circular in Victoria and Euryale.

<i>Nymphaea</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nymphaea is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds. Plants of the genus are known commonly as water lilies, or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, nymphaia and the Latin nymphaea, which means "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology.

<i>Nymphaea alba</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea alba, the white waterlily, European white water lily or white nenuphar, is an aquatic flowering plant in the family Nymphaeaceae. It is native to North Africa, temperate Asia, Europe and tropical Asia.

<i>Nymphaea nouchali <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> caerulea</i> Species of plant

Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea, is a water lily in the genus Nymphaea, a botanical variety of Nymphaea nouchali.

<i>Nuphar</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nuphar is a genus of aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae, with a temperate to subarctic Northern Hemisphere distribution. Common names include water-lily, pond-lily, alligator-bonnet or bonnet lily, and spatterdock.

<i>Nymphaea lotus</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea lotus, the white Egyptian lotus, tiger lotus, white lotus, or Egyptian water-lily, is a flowering plant of the family Nymphaeaceae.

<i>Nuphar lutea</i> Species of flowering plant

Nuphar lutea, the yellow water-lily, brandy-bottle, or spadderdock, is an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, native to northern temperate and some subtropical regions of Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. This species was used as a food source and in medicinal practices from prehistoric times with potential research and medical applications going forward.

<i>Nymphaea mexicana</i> Species of aquatic plant

Nymphaea mexicana is a species of aquatic plant that is native to the Southern United States and Mexico as far south as Michoacán. Common names include yellow water lily, Mexican water lily and banana water lily.

<i>Nymphaea micrantha</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea micrantha is a water lily belonging to the genus Nymphaea. It is native to the tropics of West Africa.

<i>Nymphaea macrosperma</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea macrosperma is an annual or perennial, aquatic, rhizomatous herb in the family Nymphaeaceae native to Australia and New Guinea.

<i>Nymphaea leibergii</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea leibergii, also known as the dwarf waterlily and Leiberg's waterlily, is a perennial emergent aquatic plant belonging to the genus Nymphaea. It can be found across northern North America in ponds and slow moving streams. Populations of this plant are infrequent throughout its range, and it is protected as a state threatened plant in Maine, Michigan, and Minnesota.

<i>Nymphaea thermarum</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea thermarum, also known as Pygmy Rwandan water lily, is a species of water lily that is endemic to Rwanda. Once thought to be extinct in the wild, all wild plants were believed to be lost due to destruction of its native habitat, but it was thought to be saved from extinction when it was grown from seed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 2009. A previously-unknown wild population was discovered in 2023.

<i>Euryale</i> (plant) Genus of aquatic plants

Euryale is a genus of flowering plants of the family Nymphaeaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhamphospora nymphaeae</span> Species of fungi

The Rhamphosporaceae is a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The monotypic family only contains 1 genus; RhamphosporaD.D.Cunn. and just 1 species, Rhamphospora nymphaeaeD.D.Cunn. It is found on the leaves of waterlilies causing spots.

<i>Nymphaea rudgeana</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea rudgeana is a species of waterlily native to the region spanning from Mexico to tropical South America.

<i>Nymphaea <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Nymphaea</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea is a subgenus of the genus Nymphaea.

<i>Nymphaea pygmaea</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea pygmaea is a species of perennial, aquatic herb in the family Nymphaeaceae native to Asia.

<i>Nymphaea <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Chamaenymphaea</i> Section of the genus Nymphaea in the family Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea sect. Chamaenymphaea is a section within the subgenus Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea of the genus Nymphaea native to North America, Asia, and Europe.

<i>Nymphaea <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Nymphaea</i> Section of the genus Nymphaea in the family Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea sect. Nymphaea is a section within the subgenus Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea of the genus Nymphaea native to North America and Europe.

References

  1. ↑ Nguyen, T.H.T. 2011. Nymphaea tetragona. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T167890A6407237. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T167890A6407237.en. Accessed on 03 July 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Nymphaea tetragona Georgi | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  3. 1 2 Park, Mi-Jeong; Denchev, Cvetomir M.; Han, Kyung-Sook; Shin, Hyeon-Dong (2010-09-01). "Occurrence of Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea tetragona in Korea". The Plant Pathology Journal. 26 (3): 293. doi: 10.5423/ppj.2010.26.3.293 . ISSN   1598-2254.
  4. ↑ Williams, Cheryll J. (December 2021). Phytochemistry of Australia's Tropical Rainforest: Medicinal Potential of Ancient Plants. ISBN   9781486307593.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Nymphaea leibergii (Small White Water-lily): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  6. ↑ "Nymphaea tetragona Georgi | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Raskoti, B. B.; Bhatt, G. D.; Ale, R. (2015-09-24). "Nymphaea tetragona (Nymphaeaceae) a new record for flora of Nepal". Banko Janakari. 24 (1): 55–56. doi: 10.3126/banko.v24i1.13491 . ISSN   2631-2301.
  8. ↑ "Nymphaea tetragona in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  9. ↑ Kálmán Vánky, Eric H. C. McKenzie Smut Fungi of New Zealand, 2002 at Google Books
  10. 1 2 3 4 Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 118. ISBN   978-0-8166-1689-3.
  11. 1 2 "Lectotypification of Nymphaea tetragona Georgi (Nymphaeaceae)". Turczaninowia. 20 (1): 182–186. 2017. doi: 10.14258/turczaninowia.20.1.14 .
  12. ↑ "Nymphaea tetragona in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Wiersema, John H. (1988). "Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75 (3): 795–804. doi:10.2307/2399367. ISSN   0026-6493. JSTOR   2399367.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chen, Yuan-Yuan; Fan, Xiang-Rong; Li, Zhi; Li, Wei; Huang, Wen-Min (2017-05-01). "Low level of genetic variation and restricted gene flow in water lily Nymphaea tetragona populations from the Amur River". Aquatic Botany. Special feature: Macrophytes in freshwater habitats– Perspectives from Asia. Proceeding of the second International Symposium of Aquatic Plant Biology (Macrophyte 2014, Wuhan, China). 140: 55–61. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.10.003. ISSN   0304-3770.
  15. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  16. ↑ Dkhar, Jeremy; Kumaria, Suman; Tandon, Pramod (2011-03-16). "Molecular adaptation of the chloroplast matK gene in Nymphaea tetragona, a critically rare and endangered plant of India". Plant Genetic Resources. 9 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1017/s1479262111000396. ISSN   1479-2621. S2CID   86164271.
  17. ↑ "Species Summary". a100.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  18. ↑ "E-Flora BC Atlas Page". linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  19. ↑ "Maine Natural Areas Program Rare Plant Fact Sheet for Nymphaea leibergii". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hossain, Md. Akil; Lee, Seung-Jin; Park, Ji-Yong; Reza, Md. Ahsanur; Kim, Tae-Hwan; Lee, Ki-Ja; Suh, Joo-Won; Park, Seung-Chun (2015-11-04). "Modulation of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors by Nymphaea tetragona (water lily) extract". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 174: 482–491. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.049. ISSN   0378-8741. PMID   26325430.
  21. ↑ Hongmao, Liu; Zaifu, Xu; Youkai, Xu; Jinxiu, Wang (2002-04-01). "Practice of conserving plant diversity through traditional beliefs: a case study in Xishuangbanna, southwest China". Biodiversity & Conservation. 11 (4): 705–713. doi:10.1023/A:1015532230442. ISSN   1572-9710. S2CID   25140948.
  22. ↑ Kurihara, Hideyuki; Kawabata, Jun; Hatano, Mutsuo (1993). "Geraniin, a Hydrolyzable Tannin from Nymphaea tetragona Georgi (Nymphaeaceae)". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 57 (9): 1570–1571. doi:10.1271/bbb.57.1570. ISSN   0916-8451.
  23. ↑ Hossain, Md Akil; Park, Ji-Yong; Kim, Jin-Yoon; Suh, Joo-Won; Park, Seung-Chun (2014-05-08). "Synergistic Effect and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of Nymphaea tetragona (Water Lily) Extract". BioMed Research International. 2014: e562173. doi: 10.1155/2014/562173 . ISSN   2314-6133. PMC   4033391 . PMID   24895589.
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