Sagittaria

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Sagittaria
Illustration Sagittaria sagittifolia0.jpg
S. sagittifolia
1885 illustration [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Genus: Sagittaria
L.
Type species
Sagittaria sagittifolia
L.
Synonyms [2]
  • SagittaGuett.
  • DiphoreaRaf.
  • DrepacheniaRaf.
  • Lophiocarpus(Kunth) Miq., illegitimate
  • LophotocarpusT.Durand
  • HydrolirionH.Lév.

Sagittaria is a genus of about 30 [3] species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, and wapato. Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia. [3] [2]

Contents

Description

Sagittaria plant stock (the perennial rhizome) is a horizontal creeper (stoloniferous). The leaf grows up to .3–.9 metres (1–3 ft) tall, with a shape resembling an arrowhead. Between July and September, a single stalk bears groups of three white flowers with three petals each. [4] It is obliquely obovate, the margins winged, with an apical or ventral beak; in other words, they are a small, dry, one-seeded fruit that do not open to release the seed, set on a slant, narrower at the base, with winged edges, and having a "beaked" aperture (one side longer than the other) for sprouting, set above or below the fruit body.[ clarification needed ]

Taxonomy

Species

As of December 2023 accepted species include: [2] [5] [6]

  1. Sagittaria aginashii Makino – Japan, Korea, Primorye
  2. Sagittaria ambigua J.G.Sm. – Missouri Arrowhead – from Oklahoma to Indiana
  3. Sagittaria australis (J.G.Sm.) Small – Appalachian Arrowhead – southeastern US from Louisiana to Florida and as far north as Iowa and New Jersey
  4. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush – Shortbeak Arrowhead – central US (Great Plains, Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, Great Lakes); also Virginia and Saskatchewan; naturalized in California
  5. Sagittaria calycina Engelm. – Central & S. U.S.A. to N. Mexico.
  6. Sagittaria chapmanii (J.G.Sm.) C.Mohr – from Texas to the Carolinas
  7. Sagittaria cristata Engelm – Crested arrowhead – Great Lakes region
  8. Sagittaria cuneata E.P.Sheld. – Wapato, Northern Arrowhead, Swamp Potato – most of Canada including Yukon and Northwest Territories; Alaska; western and northeastern US
  9. Sagittaria demersa J.G.Sm. – Chihuahuan arrowhead – New Mexico, northeastern Mexico
  10. Sagittaria engelmanniana J.G.Sm. – Engelmann's arrowhead – eastern US from Mississippi to Vermont
  11. Sagittaria fasciculata E.O.Beal – Bunched Arrowhead – North and South Carolina
  12. Sagittaria filiformis J.G.Sm. – Threadleaf Arrowhead – eastern US from Alabama to Maine
  13. Sagittaria graminea Michx. – Grassy Arrowhead, Grass-leaved Arrowhead – Cuba; much of eastern and central US; eastern Canada; naturalized in Washington State and in Vietnam
  14. Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth – Guyanese Arrowhead – widespread across Latin America, the West Indies, China, India, Southeast Asia; introduced into Louisiana
  15. Sagittaria intermedia Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle – Greater Antilles, Colombia, southern Mexico
  16. Sagittaria isoetiformis J.G.Sm. – Quillwort Arrowhead – Cuba, from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Carolinas
  17. Sagittaria kurziana Glück – Springtape or Strap-leaf Sagittaria – Florida; naturalized in Mariana Islands
  18. Sagittaria lancifolia L. – Bulltongue Arrowhead – southeastern US from Texas to Delaware; West Indies; Latin America from southern Mexico to Brazil
  19. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. – Duck-potato, Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Wapato – widespread across most of North America, the West Indies and northern South America; naturalized in Hawaii, the western Himalayas and parts of Europe
  20. Sagittaria lichuanensis J.K.Chen, X.Z.Sun & H.Q.Wang – southern China
  21. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. ex J.G. Sm. – Longbarb Arrowhead – southern Great Plains, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela
  22. Sagittaria × lunata C.D.Preston & Uotila – Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (S. natans × S. sagittifolia)
  23. Sagittaria macrocarpa J.G.Sm. – Large-fruited Arrowhead – North and South Carolina
  24. Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. – Papa de agua – Mexico
  25. Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. – California Arrowhead – widespread across much of US, Mexico and South America
  26. Sagittaria natans Pall. – widespread across northern Europe and Asia from Sweden to Kamchatka; Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Japan, Korea
  27. Sagittaria papillosa Buchenau – Nipplebract Arrowhead – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma
  28. Sagittaria planitiana G.Agostini – Brazil, Venezuela
  29. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm. – Delta Arrowhead, Delta Duck-potato – south-central US with scattered populations in southeast, the Ohio Valley and Washington State; also Mexico and Panama; naturalized in South Australia, Italy, Java, Caucasus
  30. Sagittaria potamogetifolia Merr. – southern China
  31. Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. – Pygmy arrowhead – China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas, Thailand, Vietnam
  32. Sagittaria rhombifolia Cham. – Costa Rica; widespread across much of South America
  33. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. – Canadian Arrowhead – Canada from Quebec to Saskatchewan; common in northeastern and north-central US from Arkansas and Nebraska east to Virginia and New England; scattered populations in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington State; naturalised in Great Britain
  34. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. – Arrowhead – widespread across most of Europe; Siberia, Caucasus, Turkey
  35. Sagittaria sanfordii Greene – Valley Arrowhead – endemic to California
  36. Sagittaria secundifolia Kral – Little River Arrowhead – Georgia and Alabama
  37. Sagittaria siamaginashi Shiga & K.Itoh – Myanmar to Thailand
  38. Sagittaria spatulata (J.G.Sm.) Buchenau - New Brunswick to Maryland.
  39. Sagittaria sprucei Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle – Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, northern Brazil
  40. Sagittaria subulata L. Buchenau – Narrow-leaved Arrowhead – eastern US from Louisiana to Massachusetts; naturalized in Great Britain, Azores and Java
  41. Sagittaria tengtsungensis H.Li – Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Yunnan
  42. Sagittaria teres S.Watson – Slender Arrowhead – northeastern US
  43. Sagittaria trifolia L. – Threeleaf Arrowhead – widespread across much of Asia including Siberia, China, Japan, India, Iran, Indonesia, Philippines, etc.; also Ukraine and European Russia; naturalized in Fiji and Polynesia
  44. Sagittaria weatherbiana Fernald –Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia

Deprecated

Etymology

The genus comes from the Latin word sagittārius, meaning 'pertaining to arrows', [7] owing to the leaf shape of many species.

Uses

Tuber crisps (chips) Arrowhead Crisps.jpg
Tuber crisps (chips)

Many species have edible roots, prized for millennia as a reliable source of starch and carbohydrates, even during the winter. Some are edible raw, though are less bitter when cooked. [8] They can be harvested by hand or by treading the mud in late fall or early spring, causing light root tubers to float to the surface. The plants are easy to propagate by replanting the roots. [4]

Native American peoples such as the Algonquian, Omaha, Pawnee, and Winnebago used the tubers for food, prepared by boiling or roasting. [9] They were also planted and eaten in China. [9]

In culture

Other names are Pshitola (Dakota), Si" (Omaha-Ponca), Si-poro (Winnebago) and Kirit (Pawnee), 'cricket' (from the likeness of the tuber to the form of a cricket); known also as kits-hat, 'standing in water', the tuber being termed kirit. [9]

Sagittaria is mentioned in the Omaha myths "Ishtinike and the Four Creators" and "How the Big Turtle Went to War". [9]

In 1749, Peter Kalm mentioned Sagittaria as a food plant among the Algonquian peoples: [9]

Katniss is another Indian name of a plant, the root of which they were likewise accustomed to eat, ... It grows in low, muddy, and very wet ground. The root is oblong, commonly an inch and a half long, and one inch and a quarter broad in the middle; but some of the roots have been as big as a man’s fists. The Indians either boiled this root or roasted it in hot ashes. ... Their katniss is an arrow-head or Sagittaria, and is only a variety of the Swedish arrow-head or Sagittariasagittifolia, for the plant above the ground is entirely the same, but the root under ground is much greater in the American than in the European. [9]

American explorers Lewis and Clark used arrowhead tubers to survive the winter of 1805–1806. [4]

Katniss Everdeen of the Hunger Games franchise was named after Sagittaria.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuber</span> Storage organ in plants

Tubers are a type of enlarged structure that plants use as storage organs for nutrients, derived from stems or roots. Tubers help plants perennate, provide energy and nutrients, and are a means of asexual reproduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Root vegetable</span> Plant root used as a vegetable

Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. In agricultural and culinary terminology, the term applies to true roots such as taproots and tuberous roots as well as non-roots such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and stem tubers.

<i>Juncus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rush family Juncaceae

Juncus is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants, commonly known as rushes. It is the largest genus in the family Juncaceae, containing around 300 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuwai</span> Japanese plant

Kuwai is a Japanese plant whose underground stem (rhizome) is edible. It is a cultivar of Sagittaria trifolia. It has different common names in different regions of Japan. The underground stems of this neighboring species are also eaten in China.

<i>Sagittaria latifolia</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria latifolia is a plant found in shallow wetlands and is sometimes known as broadleaf arrowhead, duck-potato, Indian potato, or wapato. This plant produces edible tubers that have traditionally been extensively used by Native Americans.

<i>Sagittaria sagittifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Alismataceae

Sagittaria sagittifolia is an Old World flowering plant in the family Alismataceae.

<i>Echinodorus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the water-plantain family Alismataceae

Echinodorus, commonly known as burhead or Amazon sword, is a genus of plants in the family Alismataceae, native to the Western Hemisphere from the central United States to Argentina. Its scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek echius – "rough husk" - and doros – "leathern bottle" - alluding to ovaries, which in some species are armed with persistent styles, forming prickly head of fruit. Some of the species are commonly cultivated in artificial aquatic habitats.

<i>Sagittaria fasciculata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria fasciculata, the bunched arrowhead is a plant found in a small number of wetlands in the Southeast United States.

<i>Sagittaria montevidensis</i> Species of plant

Sagittaria montevidensis is a species of flowering plant in the water-plantain family Alismataceae. Common names include giant arrowhead and California arrowhead.

<i>Sagittaria lancifolia</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria lancifolia, the bulltongue arrowhead, is a New World perennial, monocot plant in the family Alismataceae, genus Sagittaria, with herbaceous growth patterns.

<i>Sagittaria cuneata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria cuneata is a North American species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common name arumleaf arrowhead or duck potato. Like some other Sagittaria species, it may be called wapato.

<i>Sagittaria longiloba</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria longiloba is a North American species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common name longbarb arrowhead and Gregg arrowhead.

Arrowroot is to an edible starch obtained from several tropical plants.

<i>Sagittaria platyphylla</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria platyphylla, the delta arrowhead, broad-leaf arrowhead or delta duck-potato, is a plant species native to the eastern United States.

<i>Sagittaria trifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Alismataceae

Sagittaria trifolia, the threeleaf arrowhead or Chinese arrowhead, is a plant species widespread across the wet areas in Europe and in much of Asia.

<i>Sagittaria isoetiformis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria isoetiformis, common name quillwort arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It is similar to Sagittaria tenuis and often mistaken for it, but S. isoetiformis has flattened leaves rather than leaves round in cross-section. Leaves of both species are usually submerged but sometimes emerging from the water.

<i>Sagittaria rigida</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria rigida, the sessilefruit arrowhead or Canadian arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It has narrow oval leaves rather than the iconic arrowhead shaped leaves of species like the Sagittaria latifolia. it has sessile female flowers, from whence its name comes. Its flowers are very similar to other plants in the Sagittaria family, with three white petals.

<i>Sagittaria graminea</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria graminea, the grassy arrowhead or grass-leaved arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species native to eastern North America.

<i>Sagittaria macrophylla</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria macrophylla, common name papa de agua, is an aquatic plant species. It produces underground starchy tubers. that are edible. It has large, hastate (arrow-shaped) leaves with blades up to 30 centimetres long. Terminal lobe is large and broadly lanceolate, while the two basal lobes are much smaller and narrower.

References

  1. ↑ Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
  2. 1 2 3 "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  3. 1 2 3. Sagittaria Linnaeus, Flora of North America
  4. 1 2 3 Young, Darrell D. (1983). Wild Plants You Can Eat. New York: Julian Messner. pp. 17–20. ISBN   0-671-42407-6.
  5. 1 2 "Species Records of Sagittaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  6. ↑ "Sagittaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  7. ↑ "Sagittaria". Flora of North America . 5 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  8. ↑ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 26. ISBN   0-8117-0616-8. OCLC   799792.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1919.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

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