Sagittaria latifolia | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Alismatales |
Family: | Alismataceae |
Genus: | Sagittaria |
Species: | S. latifolia |
Binomial name | |
Sagittaria latifolia | |
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Energy | 414 kJ (99 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20.23 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.29 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5.33 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [4] |
Sagittaria latifolia is a plant found in shallow wetlands and is sometimes known as broadleaf arrowhead, [5] duck-potato, [6] Indian potato, or wapato. This plant produces edible tubers that have traditionally been extensively used by Native Americans.
Sagittaria latifolia is a variably sized perennial that may reach as much as 150 centimeters (5 ft) in height, [7] but is more typically 60–120 cm (24–47 in). [8] The plants often grow together in crowded colonies and spread by runners (stolons) at or just under the soil surface. In late summer the plants produce tubers that are twice as long as wide, [9] each typically measuring 0.5 to 5 cm (1⁄4 to 2 in) in diameter. [8]
The plant produces rosettes of leaves and an inflorescence on a long rigid scape. The leaves are extremely variable, from 10–50 cm (4–19+1⁄2 in) in length [10] and 1 to 2 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) thin to wedge-shaped like those of S. cuneata . Spongy and solid, the leaves have parallel venation meeting in the middle and the extremities. The inflorescence is a raceme about 90 cm (35 in) above water and composed of white flowers whorled by threes, blooming from July to September. [10] The flowers are about 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) wide [10] and usually divided into female on the lower part and male on the upper of the plant, although some specimens are dioecious. The flowers have three round, white petals and three very short curved, dark green sepals. Flower sex is easy to determine due to the dissimilarity between the 25 to 50 yellow stamens of the male and the sphere of green carpels (sometimes over a thousand) of the female ones. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Sagittaria latifolia is native to southern Canada and most of the contiguous United States, as well as Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Cuba. It is also naturalized in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Bhutan, Australia and much of Europe (France, Spain, Italy, Romania, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and European Russia). [19] In Mexico, it is reported from Campeche, Nayarit, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Puebla, Jalisco, Durango, Tlaxcala, Estado de México, Veracruz and Michoacán. [20]
It can be found in wet areas such as ponds and swamps. [10]
Extremely frequent as an emergent plant, broadleaf arrowhead forms dense colonies on very wet soils that become more open as the species mixes with other species of deeper water levels. These colonies form long bands following the curves of rivers, ponds and lakes, well-marked by the dark green color of the leaves. The plant has strong roots and can survive through wide variations of the water level, slow currents and waves. It displays an affinity for high levels of phosphates and hard waters.
Despite the name "duck potato", ducks rarely consume the tubers, which are usually buried too deep for them to reach, although they often eat the seeds. Beavers, North American porcupines, and muskrats eat the whole plant, tubers included. Native Americans are alleged to have opened muskrat houses to obtain their collection of roots. [21]
This plant is vulnerable to aphids and spider mites.[ citation needed ]
This plant is easily cultivated in 0.15 to 0.45 m (6 to 17+1⁄2 in) of water with no or little current. The tubers are planted well spaced (no more than 12 plants per square meter) at the end of May at a depth of 5 to 7 cm (2 to 3 in). Fertilize with decomposed manure. They can be multiplied through seeding or division in July. The starchy tubers, produced by rhizomes beneath the wet ground surface, have long been an important food source to the indigenous peoples of the Americas, along with those of S. cuneata. [21] The tubers can be detached from the ground in various ways: with the feet, a pitchfork, or a stick, and after digging up, the tubers usually float to the surface. Ripe tubers can be collected in the autumn, and are also often found then floating freely. [22]
The starchy tubers were consumed by Native Americans [10] in the lower Columbia River basin, [23] [2] in addition to the Omaha [24] and Cherokee nations. [23] The tubers can be eaten raw or cooked for 15 to 20 minutes. The taste is similar to potatoes and chestnuts, and they can be prepared in the same fashions: roasting, frying, boiling, and so on. They can also be sliced and dried to prepare a flour. [25]
Other edible parts include late summer buds and fruits.[ citation needed ]
The name of Shubenacadie, a community located in central Nova Scotia, Canada, means "abounding in ground nuts" (i.e., broadleaf arrowhead) in the Mi'kmaq language.[ citation needed ]
Yucca baccata is a common species of yucca native to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, from southeastern California north to Utah, east to western Texas and south to Sonora and Chihuahua. It is also reported in the wild in Colombia.
Nelumbo lutea is a species of flowering plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. Common names include American lotus, yellow lotus, water-chinquapin, and volée. It is native to North America. The botanical name Nelumbo lutea Willd. is the currently recognized name for this species, which has been classified under the former names Nelumbium luteum and Nelumbo pentapetala, among others.
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the species are herbaceous aquatic plants growing in marshes and ponds.
Sagittaria is a genus of about 30 species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, and wapato. Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Typha latifolia is a perennial, herbaceous flowering wetland plant in the family Typhaceae. It is known commonly as bulrush ; in North America, it is often referred to as broadleaf cattail, or simply as cat-tail or cattail reed. It is native throughout most of temperate Eurasia and North America, and found more locally in Africa and South America. The genome of Typha latifolia was published in 2022.
Sagittaria sagittifolia is an Old World flowering plant in the family Alismataceae.
Claytonia is a genus of flowering plants native to Asia, North America, and Central America. The vitamin-rich leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, and the tubers can be prepared like potatoes.
Hemerocallis fulva, the orange day-lily, tawny daylily, corn lily, tiger daylily, fulvous daylily, ditch lily or Fourth of July lily, is a species of daylily native to Asia. It is very widely grown as an ornamental plant in temperate climates for its showy flowers and ease of cultivation. It is not a true lily in the genus Lilium, but gets its common name from the superficial similarity of its flowers to Lilium and from the fact that each flower lasts only one day.
Oxalis violacea, the violet wood-sorrel, is a perennial plant and herb in the family Oxalidaceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States.
Sagittaria fasciculata, the bunched arrowhead is a plant found in a small number of wetlands in the Southeast United States.
Sagittaria montevidensis is a species of flowering plant in the water-plantain family Alismataceae. Common names include giant arrowhead and California arrowhead.
Sagittaria lancifolia, the bulltongue arrowhead, is a New World perennial, monocot plant in the family Alismataceae, genus Sagittaria, with herbaceous growth patterns.
Sagittaria cuneata is a North American species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common name arumleaf arrowhead or duck potato. Like some other Sagittaria species, it may be called wapato.
Sagittaria sanfordii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common names valley arrowhead and Sanford's arrowhead that is endemic to California.
Yucca aloifolia is the type species for the genus Yucca. Common names include aloe yucca, dagger plant, and Spanish bayonet. It grows in sandy soils, especially on sand dunes along the coast.
Sagittaria australis, the Appalachian arrowhead or longbeak arrowhead, is a plant found in North America. It is a perennial herb up to 130 centimetres tall. It is an unusual Sagittaria species in that it has a five-winged petiole. The flowers are up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter, white, producing an achene with a recurved beak.
Sagittaria rigida, the sessilefruit arrowhead or Canadian arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It has narrow oval leaves rather than the iconic arrowhead shaped leaves of species like the Sagittaria latifolia. it has sessile female flowers, from whence its name comes. Its flowers are very similar to other plants in the Sagittaria family, with three white petals.
Sagittaria teres, the quill-leaved arrowhead or slender arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species in the genus Sagittaria. It is a perennial herb up to 80 centimetres tall. The leaves can grow both under and above the water. The flowers are white, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, borne in one or more whorls on a stalk rising above the leaves.
Sagittaria graminea, the grassy arrowhead or grass-leaved arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species native to eastern North America.
Sagittaria macrophylla, common name papa de agua, is an aquatic plant species. It produces underground starchy tubers. that are edible. It has large, hastate (arrow-shaped) leaves with blades up to 30 centimetres long. Terminal lobe is large and broadly lanceolate, while the two basal lobes are much smaller and narrower.
Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 409.
Excellent when roasted, the texture is somewhat like potatoes with a taste like sweet chestnuts