Sagittaria latifolia

Sagittaria latifolia
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Alismatales
Family:	Alismataceae
Genus:	Sagittaria
Species:	S. latifolia
Binomial name
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. [2]

Arrowhead, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	414 kJ (99 kcal)
Carbohydrates	20.23 g
Fat	0.29 g
Protein	5.33 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Thiamine (B1) 14% 0.17 mg Riboflavin (B2) 6% 0.073 mg Niacin (B3) 10% 1.65 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 12% 0.599 mg Vitamin B6 15% 0.26 mg Folate (B9) 4% 14 μg Vitamin C 1% 1.1 mg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 1% 10 mg Iron 14% 2.57 mg Magnesium 12% 51 mg Manganese 16% 0.36 mg Phosphorus 14% 174 mg Potassium 31% 922 mg Sodium 1% 22 mg Zinc 3% 0.28 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [4]

Sagittaria latifolia is a plant found in shallow wetlands and is sometimes known as broadleaf arrowhead, ^[5] duck-potato, ^[6] Indian potato, or wapato. This plant produces edible tubers that have traditionally been extensively used by Native Americans.

Description

Sagittaria latifolia is a variably sized perennial that may reach as much as 150 centimeters (5 ft) in height, ^[7] but is more typically 60–120 cm (24–47 in). ^[8] The plants often grow together in crowded colonies and spread by runners (stolons) at or just under the soil surface. In late summer the plants produce tubers that are twice as long as wide, ^[9] each typically measuring 0.5 to 5 cm (1⁄4 to 2 in) in diameter. ^[8]

The plant produces rosettes of leaves and an inflorescence on a long rigid scape. The leaves are extremely variable, from 10–50 cm (4–19+1⁄2 in) in length ^[10] and 1 to 2 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) thin to wedge-shaped like those of S. cuneata . Spongy and solid, the leaves have parallel venation meeting in the middle and the extremities. The inflorescence is a raceme about 90 cm (35 in) above water and composed of white flowers whorled by threes, blooming from July to September. ^[10] The flowers are about 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) wide ^[10] and usually divided into female on the lower part and male on the upper of the plant, although some specimens are dioecious. The flowers have three round, white petals and three very short curved, dark green sepals. Flower sex is easy to determine due to the dissimilarity between the 25 to 50 yellow stamens of the male and the sphere of green carpels (sometimes over a thousand) of the female ones. ^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]}

Distribution and habitat

Sagittaria latifolia, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, Quebec, Canada

Sagittaria latifolia is native to southern Canada and most of the contiguous United States, as well as Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Cuba. It is also naturalized in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Bhutan, Australia and much of Europe (France, Spain, Italy, Romania, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and European Russia). ^[19] In Mexico, it is reported from Campeche, Nayarit, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Puebla, Jalisco, Durango, Tlaxcala, Estado de México, Veracruz and Michoacán. ^[20]

It can be found in wet areas such as ponds and swamps. ^[10]

Ecology

Extremely frequent as an emergent plant, broadleaf arrowhead forms dense colonies on very wet soils that become more open as the species mixes with other species of deeper water levels. These colonies form long bands following the curves of rivers, ponds and lakes, well-marked by the dark green color of the leaves. The plant has strong roots and can survive through wide variations of the water level, slow currents and waves. It displays an affinity for high levels of phosphates and hard waters.

Despite the name "duck potato", ducks rarely consume the tubers, which are usually buried too deep for them to reach, although they often eat the seeds. Beavers, North American porcupines, and muskrats eat the whole plant, tubers included. Native Americans are alleged to have opened muskrat houses to obtain their collection of roots. ^[21]

This plant is vulnerable to aphids and spider mites.^{[ citation needed ]}

Cultivation

This plant is easily cultivated in 0.15 to 0.45 m (6 to 17+1⁄2 in) of water with no or little current. The tubers are planted well spaced (no more than 12 plants per square meter) at the end of May at a depth of 5 to 7 cm (2 to 3 in). Fertilize with decomposed manure. They can be multiplied through seeding or division in July. The starchy tubers, produced by rhizomes beneath the wet ground surface, have long been an important food source to the indigenous peoples of the Americas, along with those of S. cuneata. ^[21] The tubers can be detached from the ground in various ways: with the feet, a pitchfork, or a stick, and after digging up, the tubers usually float to the surface. Ripe tubers can be collected in the autumn, and are also often found then floating freely. ^[22]

Uses

The starchy tubers were consumed by Native Americans ^[10] in the lower Columbia River basin, ^{[23] [2]} in addition to the Omaha ^[24] and Cherokee nations. ^[23] The tubers can be eaten raw or cooked for 15 to 20 minutes. The taste is similar to potatoes and chestnuts, and they can be prepared in the same fashions: roasting, frying, boiling, and so on. They can also be sliced and dried to prepare a flour. ^[25]

Other edible parts include late summer buds and fruits.^{[ citation needed ]}

Culture

The name of Shubenacadie, a community located in central Nova Scotia, Canada, means "abounding in ground nuts" (i.e., broadleaf arrowhead) in the Mi'kmaq language.^{[ citation needed ]}

References

1. Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Sagittaria latifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T64324216A67730767. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64324216A67730767.en . Retrieved 9 September 2023.
2. Justice, William S.; Bell, C. Ritchie; Lindsey, Anne H. (2005). Wild Flowers of North Carolina (2. printing. ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press. p. 255. ISBN   0807855979.
3. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
4. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154 . Retrieved 2024-12-05.
5. NRCS. "Sagittaria latifolia". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
6. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
7. Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. p. 106. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
8. Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (1982). Field Guide to North American Edible Wild Plants. New York: Outdoor Life Books. p. 213. ISBN   978-0-442-22200-0 . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
9. Runkel, Sylvan T. (1999). Wildflowers and Other Plants of Iowa Wetlands. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. pp. 306–307. ISBN   978-0-8138-2174-0 . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
10. Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 335. ISBN   978-0-375-40233-3.
11. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
12. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States Monocotyledons 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.
13. Haynes, R. R. 1993. Alismataceae. 13: 7–20. In R. McVaugh (ed.) Flora Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
14. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
15. Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Flora of Tropical Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
16. Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
17. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
18. Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
19. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
20. Zepeda Gómez, Carmen, Lot, Antonio. Distribución y uso tradicional de Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. y S. latifolia Willd. en el Estado de MéxicoCiencia Ergo Sum [online] 2005, 12
21. Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 318. ISBN   0-394-50432-1.
22. "58518-1". IPNI. 2004-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 409.
23. Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). 38 (47). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 127. JSTOR   43996285., s.v. Swamp Potato (wappato) Oregon
24. "Native American Ethnobotany Database". Botanical Research Institute of Texas . Retrieved 2021-12-09.
25. "Sagittaria latifolia - Willd. Duck Potato". Edible and medicinal plant database. Plants For A Future. June 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-20. Excellent when roasted, the texture is somewhat like potatoes with a taste like sweet chestnuts

Further reading

• Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing . Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

External links

• Media related to Sagittaria latifolia at Wikimedia Commons
• Spurgeon, Terrence (2001). Wapato (Sagitaria latifolia) In Katzie Traditional Territory, Pitt Meadows, British Columbia. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
• Coeur d'Alene Tribe’s annual Water Potato Days Festival video
• Water Potato Day Archived 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine , Coeur d'Alene Tribe