Sagittaria latifolia

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Sagittaria latifolia
Sagittaria latifolia (flowers).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Genus: Sagittaria
Species:
S. latifolia
Binomial name
Sagittaria latifolia
Arrowhead, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 414 kJ (99 kcal)
20.23 g
Fat
0.29 g
5.33 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV
Thiamine (B1)
14%
0.17 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
6%
0.073 mg
Niacin (B3)
10%
1.65 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
12%
0.599 mg
Vitamin B6
15%
0.26 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
14 μg
Vitamin C
1%
1.1 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV
Calcium
1%
10 mg
Iron
14%
2.57 mg
Magnesium
12%
51 mg
Manganese
16%
0.36 mg
Phosphorus
14%
174 mg
Potassium
31%
922 mg
Sodium
1%
22 mg
Zinc
3%
0.28 mg

Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [4]

Sagittaria latifolia is a plant found in shallow wetlands and is sometimes known as broadleaf arrowhead, [5] duck-potato, [6] Indian potato, or wapato. This plant produces edible tubers that have traditionally been extensively used by Native Americans.

Contents

Description

Sagittaria latifolia is a variably sized perennial that may reach as much as 150 centimeters (5 ft) in height, [7] but is more typically 60–120 cm (24–47 in). [8] The plants often grow together in crowded colonies and spread by runners (stolons) at or just under the soil surface. In late summer the plants produce tubers that are twice as long as wide, [9] each typically measuring 0.5 to 5 cm (14 to 2 in) in diameter. [8]

The plant produces rosettes of leaves and an inflorescence on a long rigid scape. The leaves are extremely variable, from 10–50 cm (4–19+12 in) in length [10] and 1 to 2 cm (12 to 34 in) thin to wedge-shaped like those of S. cuneata . Spongy and solid, the leaves have parallel venation meeting in the middle and the extremities. The inflorescence is a raceme about 90 cm (35 in) above water and composed of white flowers whorled by threes, blooming from July to September. [10] The flowers are about 2–4 cm (341+12 in) wide [10] and usually divided into female on the lower part and male on the upper of the plant, although some specimens are dioecious. The flowers have three round, white petals and three very short curved, dark green sepals. Flower sex is easy to determine due to the dissimilarity between the 25 to 50 yellow stamens of the male and the sphere of green carpels (sometimes over a thousand) of the female ones. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

Distribution and habitat

Sagittaria latifolia, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Perade, Quebec, Canada Sagittaria latifolia 027.jpg
Sagittaria latifolia, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, Quebec, Canada

Sagittaria latifolia is native to southern Canada and most of the contiguous United States, as well as Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Cuba. It is also naturalized in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Bhutan, Australia and much of Europe (France, Spain, Italy, Romania, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and European Russia). [19] In Mexico, it is reported from Campeche, Nayarit, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Puebla, Jalisco, Durango, Tlaxcala, Estado de México, Veracruz and Michoacán. [20]

It can be found in wet areas such as ponds and swamps. [10]

Ecology

Extremely frequent as an emergent plant, broadleaf arrowhead forms dense colonies on very wet soils that become more open as the species mixes with other species of deeper water levels. These colonies form long bands following the curves of rivers, ponds and lakes, well-marked by the dark green color of the leaves. The plant has strong roots and can survive through wide variations of the water level, slow currents and waves. It displays an affinity for high levels of phosphates and hard waters.

Despite the name "duck potato", ducks rarely consume the tubers, which are usually buried too deep for them to reach, although they often eat the seeds. Beavers, North American porcupines, and muskrats eat the whole plant, tubers included. Native Americans are alleged to have opened muskrat houses to obtain their collection of roots. [21]

This plant is vulnerable to aphids and spider mites.[ citation needed ]

Cultivation

This plant is easily cultivated in 0.15 to 0.45 m (6 to 17+12 in) of water with no or little current. The tubers are planted well spaced (no more than 12 plants per square meter) at the end of May at a depth of 5 to 7 cm (2 to 3 in). Fertilize with decomposed manure. They can be multiplied through seeding or division in July. The starchy tubers, produced by rhizomes beneath the wet ground surface, have long been an important food source to the indigenous peoples of the Americas, along with those of S. cuneata. [21] The tubers can be detached from the ground in various ways: with the feet, a pitchfork, or a stick, and after digging up, the tubers usually float to the surface. Ripe tubers can be collected in the autumn, and are also often found then floating freely. [22]

Uses

The starchy tubers were consumed by Native Americans [10] in the lower Columbia River basin, [23] [2] in addition to the Omaha [24] and Cherokee nations. [23] The tubers can be eaten raw or cooked for 15 to 20 minutes. The taste is similar to potatoes and chestnuts, and they can be prepared in the same fashions: roasting, frying, boiling, and so on. They can also be sliced and dried to prepare a flour. [25]

Other edible parts include late summer buds and fruits.[ citation needed ]

Culture

The name of Shubenacadie, a community located in central Nova Scotia, Canada, means "abounding in ground nuts" (i.e., broadleaf arrowhead) in the Mi'kmaq language.[ citation needed ]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alismataceae</span> Family of flowering plants comprising the water-plantains

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<i>Sagittaria</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Sagittaria is a genus of about 30 species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, and wapato. Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia.

<i>Typha latifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Typhaceae

Typha latifolia is a perennial, herbaceous flowering wetland plant in the family Typhaceae. It is known commonly as bulrush ; in North America, it is often referred to as broadleaf cattail, or simply as cat-tail or cattail reed. It is native throughout most of temperate Eurasia and North America, and found more locally in Africa and South America. The genome of Typha latifolia was published in 2022.

<i>Sagittaria sagittifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Alismataceae

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<i>Claytonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Hemerocallis fulva</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae

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<i>Oxalis violacea</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Sagittaria fasciculata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria fasciculata, the bunched arrowhead is a plant found in a small number of wetlands in the Southeast United States.

<i>Sagittaria montevidensis</i> Species of plant

Sagittaria montevidensis is a species of flowering plant in the water-plantain family Alismataceae. Common names include giant arrowhead and California arrowhead.

<i>Sagittaria lancifolia</i> Species of aquatic plant

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<i>Sagittaria cuneata</i> Species of aquatic plant

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<i>Sagittaria sanfordii</i> Species of aquatic plant

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<i>Sagittaria australis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria australis, the Appalachian arrowhead or longbeak arrowhead, is a plant found in North America. It is a perennial herb up to 130 centimetres tall. It is an unusual Sagittaria species in that it has a five-winged petiole. The flowers are up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter, white, producing an achene with a recurved beak.

<i>Sagittaria rigida</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria rigida, the sessilefruit arrowhead or Canadian arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It has narrow oval leaves rather than the iconic arrowhead shaped leaves of species like the Sagittaria latifolia. it has sessile female flowers, from whence its name comes. Its flowers are very similar to other plants in the Sagittaria family, with three white petals.

<i>Sagittaria teres</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria teres, the quill-leaved arrowhead or slender arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species in the genus Sagittaria. It is a perennial herb up to 80 centimetres tall. The leaves can grow both under and above the water. The flowers are white, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, borne in one or more whorls on a stalk rising above the leaves.

<i>Sagittaria graminea</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria graminea, the grassy arrowhead or grass-leaved arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species native to eastern North America.

<i>Sagittaria macrophylla</i> Species of aquatic plant

Sagittaria macrophylla, common name papa de agua, is an aquatic plant species. It produces underground starchy tubers. that are edible. It has large, hastate (arrow-shaped) leaves with blades up to 30 centimetres long. Terminal lobe is large and broadly lanceolate, while the two basal lobes are much smaller and narrower.

References

  1. Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Sagittaria latifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T64324216A67730767. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64324216A67730767.en . Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  2. 1 2 Justice, William S.; Bell, C. Ritchie; Lindsey, Anne H. (2005). Wild Flowers of North Carolina (2. printing. ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press. p. 255. ISBN   0807855979.
  3. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  4. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154 . Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  5. NRCS. "Sagittaria latifolia". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  6. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  7. Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. p. 106. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  8. 1 2 Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (1982). Field Guide to North American Edible Wild Plants. New York: Outdoor Life Books. p. 213. ISBN   978-0-442-22200-0 . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  9. Runkel, Sylvan T. (1999). Wildflowers and Other Plants of Iowa Wetlands. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. pp. 306–307. ISBN   978-0-8138-2174-0 . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 335. ISBN   978-0-375-40233-3.
  11. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  12. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States Monocotyledons 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  13. Haynes, R. R. 1993. Alismataceae. 13: 7–20. In R. McVaugh (ed.) Flora Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  14. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  15. Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Flora of Tropical Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
  16. Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
  17. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  18. Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
  19. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  20. Zepeda Gómez, Carmen, Lot, Antonio. Distribución y uso tradicional de Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. y S. latifolia Willd. en el Estado de MéxicoCiencia Ergo Sum [online] 2005, 12
  21. 1 2 Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 318. ISBN   0-394-50432-1.
  22. "58518-1". IPNI. 2004-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 409.
  23. 1 2 Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). 38 (47). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 127. JSTOR   43996285., s.v. Swamp Potato (wappato) Oregon
  24. "Native American Ethnobotany Database". Botanical Research Institute of Texas . Retrieved 2021-12-09.
  25. "Sagittaria latifolia - Willd. Duck Potato". Edible and medicinal plant database. Plants For A Future. June 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-20. Excellent when roasted, the texture is somewhat like potatoes with a taste like sweet chestnuts

Further reading