A common name is "duck potato" because of the large potato-like corms which can form underground.[4]
Description
Sagittaria lancifolia L.
The plant is conspicuous for its large, lance-shaped leaves which grow up from underground rhizomes and its showy, white three-petaled flowers which form at the end of long, thick stalks. Each flower has three green sepals, three white or pink-tinged petals, at least six stamens, and pistils which may be in separate flowers.[5] The plant likes to grow in fresh or brackish water and is commonly found in ditches, marshes, swamps and along the shores of lakes and streams.[4]
Sagittaria lancifolia reproduces both asexually through spreading rhizomes and sexually through reproduction of copious achenes, a dry fruit each of which carries a single seed.[6] The achenes are dispersed through animal vectors and through hydrochory (dispersal through wind, water, or gravity). The achenes germinate only under light, and with or without available fluid, but the period of their germination is shorter when they are submersed in water. Temperature is a factor, with 100% germination occurring at 20°C (68°F). Germination is reduced in anaerobic conditions. Growth is also dependent on temperature.[6][7]
Distribution and habitat
The species is native to the southeastern United States. It is known from every coastal state from Delaware to Texas.[3] It is also considered native to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and northern South America. It has become naturalized on the Island of Java in Indonesia.[8]
Sensitivity to in-situ burning of applied crude oil
Louisiana is one of the top five U.S. states in oil production, oil that is piped through marshes in Louisiana to market and sometimes leaks into the marsh land polluting it. Field studies suggest that, although the application and burning of South Louisiana Crude oil on Sagittaria l. plants in plots of fresh Louisiana marsh land had short term negative effects on the growth rate of Sagittaria l., over time plant recovery was just as rapid as in the plots where the plants were oiled but not burned. This suggests that allowing a polluted marsh to degrade and recover without burning is a viable option, while burning is a viable option when a rapid recovery is needed on sensitive lands.[9]
1 2 USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sagittaria lancifolia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
1 2 E. Gordon Collon; J. Velasquez (1989). "Dispersion, germination and growth of seedlings of Sagittaria lancifolia L.". Folia Geobotanica. 24: 37–49. doi:10.1007/BF02854790. S2CID25749020.
↑ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1825. Neogenyton, or Indication of Sixty-Six New Genera of Plants of North America, Drepachenia lancifolia
↑ Lindau, C. W. & Delaune, R. D (2000). "Vegetative response of Sagittaria lancifolia to burning of applied crude oil". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 121: 161–172. doi:10.1023/A:1005284530282. S2CID93986432.
Martin, Shannon; Shaffer, Gary (2005). "Sagittaria Biomass Partitioning Relative to Salinity, Hydrologic Regime, and Substrate Type: Implications for Plant Distribution Patterns in Coastal Louisiana, United States". Journal of Coastal Research. 211: 167–174. doi:10.2112/02110.1. S2CID130867695.
Corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation).
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the species are herbaceous aquatic plants growing in marshes and ponds.
Sagittaria is a genus of about 30 species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, and wapato. Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Sagittaria latifolia is a plant found in shallow wetlands and is sometimes known as broadleaf arrowhead, duck-potato, Indian potato, or wapato. This plant produces edible tubers that have traditionally been extensively used by Native Americans.
Sagittaria sagittifolia is an Old World flowering plant in the family Alismataceae.
Sagittaria montevidensis is a species of flowering plant in the water-plantain family Alismataceae. Common names include giant arrowhead and California arrowhead.
Sagittaria cuneata is a North American species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common name arumleaf arrowhead or duck potato. Like some other Sagittaria species, it may be called wapato.
Sagittaria longiloba is a North American species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common name longbarb arrowhead and Gregg arrowhead.
Juncus roemerianus is a species of flowering plant in the rush family known by the common names black rush, needlerush, and black needlerush. It is native to North America, where its main distribution lies along the coastline of the southeastern United States, including the Gulf Coast. It occurs from New Jersey to Texas, with outlying populations in Connecticut, New York, Mexico, and certain Caribbean islands.
Sagittaria australis, the Appalachian arrowhead or longbeak arrowhead, is a plant found in North America. It is a perennial herb up to 130 centimetres tall. It is an unusual Sagittaria species in that it has a five-winged petiole. The flowers are up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter, white, producing an achene with a recurved beak.
Sagittaria platyphylla, the delta arrowhead, broad-leaf arrowhead or delta duck-potato, is a plant species native to the eastern United States.
Sagittaria papillosa, the nipplebract arrowhead, is a perennial plant species growing up to 120 centimetres tall. Petioles are triangular in cross-section, the leaf blade very narrowly elliptical to ovate, not lobed. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by having bumps (papillae) resembling nipples on the flower bracts.
Sagittaria isoetiformis, common name quillwort arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It is similar to Sagittaria tenuis and often mistaken for it, but S. isoetiformis has flattened leaves rather than leaves round in cross-section. Leaves of both species are usually submerged but sometimes emerging from the water.
Sagittaria rigida, the sessilefruit arrowhead or Canadian arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It has narrow oval leaves rather than the iconic arrowhead shaped leaves of species like the Sagittaria latifolia. it has sessile female flowers, from whence its name comes. Its flowers are very similar to other plants in the Sagittaria family, with three white petals.
Sagittaria cristata, the crested arrowhead, is a perennial herb growing up to 75 centimetres tall. The leaves are flat, long and narrow, not lobed, and up to 40 cm (16 in) long. The flowers are white.
Sagittaria teres, the quill-leaved arrowhead or slender arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species in the genus Sagittaria. It is a perennial herb up to 80 centimetres tall. The leaves can grow both under and above the water. The flowers are white, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, borne in one or more whorls on a stalk rising above the leaves.
Sagittaria filiformis, the threadleaf arrowhead, is a perennial aquatic plant growing up to 170 centimetres tall. Some leaves are thread-like, entirely underwater, but others are narrowly ovate or lanceolate and floating on the surface.
Sagittaria engelmanniana is a perennial aquatic plant growing up to 70 centimetres tall. The leaves are sagittate (arrow-shaped) with 3 very narrow lobes.
Sagittaria graminea, the grassy arrowhead or grass-leaved arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species native to eastern North America.
Sagittaria subulata, the awl-leaf arrowhead, narrow-leaved arrowhead or dwarf sagittaria, is an aquatic plant species.
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