Rhamphospora nymphaeae

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Rhamphospora nymphaeae
Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea sp. cult. (44327457524).jpg
Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea sp. cult.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Family: Rhamphosporaceae
R. Bauer & Oberw. 1997 [1]
Type genus
Rhamphospora
D.D.Cunn., (1888) [2]
Type species
Rhamphospora nymphaeae
Synonyms [3]
  • Entyloma nymphaeae(D.D.Cunn.) Setch.
  • Entyloma nymphaeae var. macrosporumThirum., Pavgi & Safeeulla

The Rhamphosporaceae is a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The monotypic family only contains 1 genus; RhamphosporaD.D.Cunn. and just 1 species, Rhamphospora nymphaeaeD.D.Cunn. It is found on the leaves of waterlilies causing spots.

Contents

History

In 1888, Surgeon Major David Douglas Cunningham MD (1843–1914, [4] who was the Special assistant to the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India), was also the mycologist who originally found and described the fungus (both the genus and single species). It was found on the leaves of waterlilies; Nymphaea stellata , Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea rubra , [2] in West Bengal, India. [3]

The genus of Rhamphospora was named after the beak or bill (of a bird Ramphocelus ) known from Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico because of the beak-shaped appendages of its spores (Ancient greek rhamphos, rhamphos (ῥάµϕος). [5]

The monotypic family of Rhamphosporaceae was published later, by R. Bauer & Oberw. in 1997. [1]

It is also known and classified as a smut fungi . [6] [7]

Description

Rhamphospora nymphaeae has sori in living leaf and stem tissues, [8] [9] [10] which are scattered or gregarious and are yellowish brown or later they become reddish brown. [9] [11] The sori form ovoid or irregular shaped spots, [10] about 1–7 mm long and they become larger by cell fusion.

The solitary spores, [2] become embedded in the host tissues, [10] they are ellipsoidal but rarely broadly ellipsoidal or subglobose in shape. [9] They have an with an apical papilla (which is 0.5–1.5 μm high).

The hyphae is intracellular (occurring inside the cell) and the haustoria is present.

The teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) are formed individually and are usually lemon-shaped, hyaline or pale yellow, [9] [12] and smooth or finely verruculose (have a surface covered with tiny wart-like protuberances).

The teliospores are formed on the branches of fertile hyphae and germinating directly to form basidia (spore-producing structures). The basidia are filiform (thread-like shape), [8] or cylindrical (in form), septate (divided into cells) with an apical cluster of 4–6 four celled fertile branches, which each give rise to 2–3 basidiospores (sexual spores). [8] [11]

They are produced subterminally, beaked, promycelium consisting of a long germinal tube with terminal branches bearing apical sporida. [2]

The ramified basidiospores of Rhamphospora nymphaeae have enlarged surfaces, which could be used for dispersal in water. [13]

Distribution

It has a widespread distribution, [14] [15] in north temperate and neotropic zones. [8] [5] Including places such as (in North America); Canada (in the Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Québec), USA (in the states of Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma and Wisconsin). [14] In Central America, within Costa Rica, [6] and Cuba. In Europe, within the countries of Finland, France, Germany, Romania, Switzerland and the UK. [14] In Asia, within Japan, [16] Korea, [9] China and India, [11] and also in Australasia, within New Zealand. [10] [17]

Hosts

Rhamphospora nymphaeae causes necrotic zones (dead areas) in leaves of affected plants. It causes stem and leaf-spots on members of the Nymphaeaceae family in freshwater habitats. [8] Such as Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (syn Nymphaea advena), Nymphaea alba , Nymphaea ampla , [6] Nymphaea odorata (syn Nymphaea reniformis), Nymphaea stellata , Nymphaea tetragona , [9] and Nymphaea tuberosa (all Nymphaeaceae family). [5] [18]

It is also found on various genera of freshwater based Castalia (a synonym of Nymphaea). [11]

Nymphaea tetragona was recorded as host plant of this smut fungus from Japan in 1953. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basidiomycota</span> Division of fungi

Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: agarics, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and Cryptococcus, the human pathogenic yeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spore</span> Unit of reproduction adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions

In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeaceae</span> Family of plants

Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 known species. Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on or emergent from the surface. Leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar, but fully circular in Victoria and Euryale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ustilaginales</span> Order of fungi

The Ustilaginales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contained 8 families, 49 genera, and 851 species in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ustilaginomycotina</span> Subdivision of fungi

The Ustilaginomycotina is a subdivision within the division Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi. It consists of the classes Ustilaginomycetes and Exobasidiomycetes, and in 2014 the subdivision was reclassified and the two additional classes Malasseziomycetes and Monilielliomycetes added. The name was first published by Doweld in 2001; Bauer and colleagues later published it in 2006 as an isonym. Ustilagomycotina and Agaricomycotina are considered to be sister groups, and they are in turn sister groups to the subdivision Pucciniomycotina.

<i>Urocystis agropyri</i> Species of fungus

Urocystis agropyri is a fungal plant pathogen that causes flag smut on wheat.

Sporisorium sorghi, commonly known as sorghum smut, is a plant pathogen that belongs to the Ustilaginaceae family. This fungus is the causative agent of covered kernel smut disease and infects sorghum plants all around the world such as Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), S. sudanense, S. halepense and Sorghumvulgare var. technichum (broomcorn). Ineffective control of S. sorghi can have serious economic and ecological implications.

Thecaphora is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species in 2008. and held 61 species in 2020.

The Doassansiales are an order of fungi in the class Exobasidiomycetes. The order consist of three families: the Doassansiaceae, the Melaniellaceae, and the Rhamphosporaceae.

Conidiosporomyces is a genus of fungi in the smut family Tilletiaceae. The genus was described in 1992 to accommodate the species formerly known as Tilletia ayresii, first described by British naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1899. The species C. verruculosus was described in 1993. Species in the genus are plant pathogens that affect various grasses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entorrhizomycetes</span> Class of fungi

Entorrhizomycetes is the sole class in the phylum Entorrhizomycota within the Fungi subkingdom Dikarya along with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. It contains three genera and is a small group of teliosporic root parasites that form galls on plants in the Juncaceae (rush) and Cyperaceae (sedge) families. Prior to 2015 this phylum was placed under the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina. A 2015 study did a "comprehensive five-gene analyses" of Entorrhiza and concluded that the former class Entorrhizomycetes is possibly either a close sister group to the rest of Dikarya or Basidiomycota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Douglas Cunningham</span> Scottish doctor and researcher

David Douglas Cunningham was a Scottish medical doctor and researcher who worked extensively in India on various aspects of public health and medicine. He studied the spread of bacteria and the spores of fungi through the air and conducted research on cholera. In his spare time he also studied the local plants and animals.

The Melanotaenium is a genus of smut fungi in the family Melanotaeniaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kálmán Vánky</span> Mycologist (1930–2021)

Kálmán Géza Vánky was a Hungarian mycologist with Swedish and Hungarian citizenship, who lived in Germany. He was considered to be the worldwide authority on the subject of smut fungi and has dominated the taxonomic study of Ustilaginomycetes for at least the past four decades.

<i>Nymphaea tetragona</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea tetragona is an aquatic perennial, species of flowering plant commonly called pygmy waterlily and small white water lily, belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae.

<i>Doassansiopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Doassansiopsis is a genus of smut fungi belonging to the monotypic family DoassansiopsidaceaeBegerow, R.Bauer & Oberw., 1998, within the class Ustilaginomycetes and order Urocystidales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urocystidales</span> Order of fungi

The Urocystidales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contains 6 families and about 400 genera. They are a sister order to Ustilaginales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doassansiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Doassansiaceae are a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The family contains 11 genera and about 58 species. They have a widespread distribution. Doassansiaceae is also known and classified as a smut fungi.

The Melaniellaceae are a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The family contains 1 genera and 2 species. They have a distribution in south and south-east Asia.

The Pachnocybe are a genus of fungi, within the monotypic family of PachnocybaceaeOberw. & R.Bauer, 1989, and within the monotypic order of Pachnocybales, within the class Pucciniomycetes. They are parasitic on plants or saprobic on rotten wood.

References

  1. 1 2 Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F.; Vánky, K. (1997). "Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa". Canadian Journal of Botany. 75 (8): 1273–1314. doi:10.1139/b97-842.
  2. 1 2 3 4 India. Medical department Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of Officers Army of India Vol.3 (1888) , p. 32, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 "Species Fungorum – GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  4. ↑ "Cunningham, David Douglas | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 Organization for Flora Neotropica Flora Neotropica, Issue 86, 1968 , p. 196, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 J. Cramer Smut Fungi (Ustilaginales and Tilletiales) in Costa Rica, Issue 113, 1996 , p. 88, at Google Books
  7. ↑ "Home – Rhamphospora nymphaeae CBS 172.38 v1.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 P. F. Cannon and P. M. Kirk (editors) Fungal Families of the World (2007) , p. 107, at Google Books
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Park, Mi-Jeong; Denchev, Cvetomir M.; Han, Kyung-Sook; Shin, Hyeon-Dong (1 September 2010). "Occurrence of Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea tetragona in Korea". The Plant Pathology Journal. 26 (3): 293. doi: 10.5423/ppj.2010.26.3.293 . ISSN   1598-2254.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Kálmán Vánky, Eric H. C. McKenzie Smut Fungi of New Zealand, 2002 at Google Books
  11. 1 2 3 4 B. D. Borse, K. N. Borse, S. Y. Patil, C. M. Pawara, L. C. Nemade and V. R. Patil Freshwater Higher Fungi of India (2016) , p. 173, at Google Books
  12. ↑ David J. McLaughlin and Joseph W. Spatafora (editors) Systematics and Evolution (2013) , p. 78, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Piepenbring, M.; Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F. (1998). "Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis". Protoplasma. 204 (3–4): 155–169. doi:10.1007/BF01280322. S2CID   1880512.
  14. 1 2 3 Vánky, Kálmán (1994). European Smut Fungi. Stuttgart, Jena, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. ISBN   3-437-30745-2.
  15. ↑ "Rhamphospora nymphaeae D.D.Cunn". www.gbif.org. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  16. 1 2 Katsuki, S. (1953). "Notes on some new or noteworthy fungi in Kyushu (5)". Kyushu Agricultural Research. 11: 41–42.
  17. ↑ "Rhamphospora D.D. Cunn. 1888 – Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  18. ↑ Pérez, J. M. (July 2002). "Rhamphospora nymphaeae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]". IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 153: 153. doi:10.1079/dfb/20056401522.
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