The ochre-crowned greenlet (Tunchiornis ochraceiceps) is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae, the vireos, greenlets, and shrike-babblers. It is found in Mexico, every Central American country except El Salvador, and western Colombia. This species was formerly known as the tawny-crowned greenlet and was considered to be conspecific with the Para greenlet, Guianan greenlet and rufous-fronted greenlet.
The ochre-crowned greenlet was formally described in 1860 as Hylophilus ochraceiceps by the English zoologist Philip Sclater. The specimen had been collected in the state of Oaxaca of southwestern Mexico by the French ornithologist Adolphe Boucard.[2] The specific epithet combines the Modern Latinochraceus meaning "ochraceous" with -ceps meaning "-capped".[3] The species is now placed in the genus Tunchiornis that was introduced in 2014.[4]
T. o. bulunensis (Hartert, EJO, 1902) – far eastern Panama to Pacific coast of Colombia and western Ecuador
The Para greenlet (Tunchiornis rubrifrons), Guianan greenlet (Tunchiornis luteifrons), and rufous-fronted greenlet (Tunchiornis ferrugineifrons) were formerly considered to be subspecies of what was then known as the tawny-crowned greenlet. Following the split the name of the original species was changed to the ochre-crowned greenlet. They are now treated as separate species based on a study of the Tunchiornis ochraceiceps complex by Nelson Buainain and collaborators that was published in 2021. Although the differences in plumage and vocalization are small, the taxa are seperable by mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data.[5][6]
Description
The ochre-crowned greenlet is 9.5 to 13cm (3.7 to 5.1in) long and weighs 8.4 to 13.5g (0.30 to 0.48oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspeciesT. o. ochraceiceps have a yellowish forehead and a yellow-brown crown. Their face is mostly dull grayish. Their upperparts are olive-brown that is slightly more greenish on the rump. Their wings' primaries and secondaries are grayish black with buff-brown edges on the outer webs. Their tail is dull brown with cinnamon-brown edges on the feathers. Their chin is mottled grayish white, their throat gray with a faint yellow-green tinge, their breast ochraceous, their flanks yellowish gray, their belly's center yellow, and their vent grayish yellow. Their underwing coverts are yellow. They have a pale gray iris, a gray maxilla, a paler mandible, and pinkish to grayish legs and feet.[7]
The other subspecies of the ochre-crowned greenlet differ from the nominate and each other thus:[7]
T. o. pallidipectus: paler throat and underparts than nominate with pale buffy breast, grayer flanks, and pale yellow underwing coverts
T. o. pacificus: darker gray throat and underparts than pallidipectus with little or no yellow on the belly, brownish gray flanks, and pale yellow underwing coverts
T. o. nelsoni: tawny forehead and crown, olive-greenish upperparts with olive-brown middle back and wing coverts, and pale dingy greenish yellow underparts
T. o. bulunensis: darker olive-green upperparts than nominate with bright greenish yellow underparts
Distribution and habitat
The ochre-crowned greenlet is a year-round resident that is found from southern Mexico through Central America to the Pacific coast region of Colombia and northern Ecuador.[7] It is found in lower altitude humid evergreen forests from sea level to 1,300m (4,300ft).[8] It inhabits "mature wet forest" in Costa Rica up to 1,300m (4,300ft).[9] Field guides to Colombia place it in humid forest, in the former country to 800m (2,600ft) and in the latter mostly below 700m (2,300ft).[10]
Behavior
Feeding
The ochre-crowned greenlet's diet has not been detailed for all subspecies, but where it is known it is primarily arthropods including insects and spiders and occasionally includes small berries. Where it has been observed, it forages from the forest's lower levels to its mid-story. It takes prey by gleaning from live and dead foliage while perched or with a short sally. It feeds actively, making frequent short flights between trees, and is often quite acrobatic, hanging upside-down to forage. It often joins mixed-species feeding flocks and in Mexico has been observed attending army ant swarms.[7]
Breeding
Most subspecies of the ochre-crowned greenlet are seen in pairs or small family groups, suggesting a year-round monogamous relationship. Its breeding season has not been defined for all subspecies but includes April to July in Belize, March and April perhaps to August in Costa Rica, and July and January in Panama. The few known nests were cups made from various plant fibers, covered with moss, and placed in a horizontal branch fork or woven among small branches. The only known clutches were of one or two eggs. The incubation period is not known. The only observed time to fledging was 13 to 14 days after hatch. One individual did all of the incubation; both parents provisioned nestlings.[7]
The ochre-crowned greenlet's vocalizations vary across its range. In Central America and Colombia its song is described as a "pure whistle that is steadily repeated many times at intervals of a few seconds" and is flat-pitched or slightly ascending.[7] It has been written as "wi-seeeeee or wi-heeeeee".[8] It also makes a "rapidly repeated rising nasal note: nya-nya-nya-nya".
Conservation status
The ochre-crowned has a very large range and its population sizes is not known and is believed to be decreasing. It is "threatened by the loss and fragmentation of it's habitat for small-scale agricultural conversion".[1][11][12] The Ochre-crowned greenlet is considered fairly common in northern Central America and Costa Rica.[8][9] and it is uncommon in Colombia. All of the Ochre-crowned greenlet's subspecies are primarily dependent on large tracts undisturbed forest, so forest fragmentation is a threat across its range.[7]
↑Buainain, N.; Maximiano, M.F.A.; Ferreira, M.; Aleixo, A.; Faircloth, B.C.; Brumfield, R.T.; Cracraft, J.; Ribas, C.C. (2021). "Multiple species and deep genomic divergences despite little phenotypic differentiation in an ancient Neotropical songbird, Tunchiornis ochraceiceps (Sclater, 1860) (Aves: Vireonidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 162 107206. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107206.
1234567Remsen, Jr., J. V., G. M. Kirwan, P. F. D. Boesman, D. Brewer, J. del Hoyo, and N. Collar (2025). Ochre-crowned Greenlet (Tunchiornis ochraceiceps), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.tacgre2.01 retrieved November 20, 2025
123Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.290–291. ISBN978-0-544-37326-6.
12Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. pp.228–229. ISBN978-0-8014-7373-9.
↑Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol.II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p.571. ISBN978-0-8014-8721-7.
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