Orioles | |
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Black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Oriolidae |
Genus: | Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 |
Type species | |
Oriolus galbula [1] Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Synonyms | |
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Orioles are colourful Old World passerine birds in the genus Oriolus, the type genus of the corvoidean family Oriolidae. They are not closely related to the New World orioles, which are icterids (family Icteridae) that belong to the superfamily Passeroidea.
The genus Oriolus was erected in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae . [2] The type species is, by tautonomy, Oriolus galbula Linnaeus, 1766. This is a junior synonym of Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, the Eurasian golden oriole. [3] In 1760, French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Ornithologie used Oriolus as a subdivision of the genus Turdus, [4] but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1955 that "Oriolus Brisson, 1760" should be suppressed. [5] Linnaeus added more than a dozen additional genera when he updated his 10th edition, but he generally based new genera on those that had been introduced by Brisson in his Ornithologie. Oriolus is now the only genus for which Linnaeus's 12th edition is cited as the original publication. [6] [7] The name is derived from the old French word oriol, which is echoic in origin, derived from the call of the bird, [8] but some authors have suggested origins in classical Latin aureolus meaning "golden". Various forms of "oriole" have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries. [9]
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Relatedness of species within the genus: Two forms that have not been included in the sequencing and analysis are O. crassirostris, which is expected to be close to O. brachyrhynchus, and O. tenuirostris, which is expected to be close to O. diffusus [10] |
The genus contains 32 species: [7]
Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
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Brown oriole | Oriolus szalayi | New Guinea | |
Dusky-brown oriole | Oriolus phaeochromus | North Maluku | |
Grey-collared oriole | Oriolus forsteni | Seram | |
Black-eared oriole | Oriolus bouroensis | Buru Island | |
Tanimbar oriole | Oriolus decipiens | Tanimbar Islands | |
Timor oriole | Oriolus melanotis | Timor, Rote and Semau Islands | |
Wetar oriole | Oriolus finschi | Wetar and Atauro Islands | |
Olive-backed oriole | Oriolus sagittatus | eastern Australia and south-central New Guinea. | |
Green oriole | Oriolus flavocinctus | Australia and New Guinea | |
Dark-throated oriole | Oriolus xanthonotus | Southeast Asia through Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka, Java and southwestern Borneo | |
Ventriloquial oriole | Oriolus consobrinus | Borneo and the Philippines | |
Philippine oriole | Oriolus steerii | the Philippines | |
White-lored oriole | Oriolus albiloris | Luzon Island (the Philippines) | |
Isabela oriole | Oriolus isabellae | Luzon | |
Eurasian golden oriole | Oriolus oriolus | Europe and western Asia, and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa | |
Indian golden oriole | Oriolus kundoo | Indian subcontinent and Central Asia | |
African golden oriole | Oriolus auratus | Africa south of the Sahara desert | |
Slender-billed oriole | Oriolus tenuirostris | eastern Himalayas to Southeast Asia | |
Black-naped oriole | Oriolus chinensis | eastern Siberia, Ussuriland, northeastern China, Korea and northern Vietnam | |
Green-headed oriole | Oriolus chlorocephalus | eastern Africa | |
São Tomé oriole | Oriolus crassirostris | island of São Tomé | |
Western oriole | Oriolus brachyrynchus | African tropical rainforest | |
Ethiopian oriole | Oriolus monacha | north-eastern Africa | |
Mountain oriole | Oriolus percivali | Albertine Rift montane forests, Uganda and Kenya | |
Black-headed oriole | Oriolus larvatus | Africa | |
Black-winged oriole | Oriolus nigripennis | African tropical rainforest | |
Black-hooded oriole | Oriolus xanthornus | tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia | |
Black oriole | Oriolus hosii | Sarawak in Borneo | |
Black-and-crimson oriole | Oriolus consanguineus | Indonesia and Malaysia | |
Javan oriole | Oriolus cruentus | Indonesia | |
Maroon oriole | Oriolus traillii | Southeast Asia | |
Silver oriole | Oriolus mellianus | southern China and winters in mainland Southeast Asia | |
Formerly, some authorities also considered these species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Oriolus:
The orioles are a mainly tropical group, although one species, the Eurasian golden oriole, breeds in temperate regions.
Garrulus is a genus of Old World jays, passerine birds in the family Corvidae.
Coracias is a genus of the rollers, an Old World family of near passerine birds related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups, blues and browns predominating. The two outer front toes are connected, but not the inner one.
The green imperial pigeon is a large forest pigeon. The large range extends from Nepal, southern India and Sri Lanka eastwards to southern China, Indonesia and the Philippines.
The red-billed firefinch or Senegal firefinch is a small seed-eating bird in the family Estrildidae. This is a resident breeding bird in most of Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It was introduced to Egypt, but the population there has become extinct. It was also introduced to southern Algeria where it is currently expanding northward.
The black-naped oriole is a passerine bird in the oriole family that is found in many parts of Asia. There are several distinctive populations within the wide distribution range of this species and in the past the slender-billed oriole was included as a subspecies. Unlike the Indian golden oriole which only has a short and narrow eye-stripe, the black-naped oriole has the stripe broadening and joining at the back of the neck. Males and females are very similar although the wing lining of the female is more greenish. The bill is pink and is stouter than in the golden oriole.
The hair-crested drongo is an Asian bird of the family Dicruridae. This species was formerly considered conspecific with Dicrurus bracteatus, for which the name "spangled drongo" – formerly used for both – is now usually reserved. Some authorities include the Sumatran drongo in D. hottentottus as subspecies.
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The slate-coloured grosbeak is a species of grosbeak in the family Thraupidae. Most of its range is the Amazon in South America, but it is also found in forests of the Chocó in Ecuador and Colombia, and southern Central America from Panama to Honduras.
The claret-breasted fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands archipelago. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
The blue-spotted wood dove or blue-spotted dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is abundantly present throughout Africa south of the Sahel; it is partially present in East Africa and absent in southern Africa.
The red-tailed vanga is a species of bird in the family Vangidae. It is endemic to Madagascar.
The white-throated manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.
The spangled cotinga is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae, the cotingas. It is found in the canopy of the Amazon Rainforest in South America.
The plum-throated cotinga is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.
The oriole blackbird is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. Its genus, Gymnomystax, is monotypic. It is a medium-sized yellow and black bird found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and swamps.
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The hook-billed vanga is a species of bird in the family Vangidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.