New World oriole

This article is about the New World bird family. For the Old World birds, see Old World oriole.

New World orioles
Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Genus:	Icterus Brisson, 1760
Type species
Oriolus icterus (Venezuelan troupial) Linnaeus, 1766
Species
See text

New World orioles are a group of birds in the genus Icterus of the blackbird family. Although they are not closely related to Old World orioles of the family Oriolidae, they are strikingly similar in size, diet, behavior, and strongly contrasting plumage. As a result, the two have been given the same vernacular name.

Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They molt annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly migratory, while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary.

The name "oriole" was first recorded (in the Latin form oriolus) by the German Dominican friar Albertus Magnus in about 1250, which he erroneously stated to be onomatopoeic, from the song of the European golden oriole.

One of the species in the genus, Bahama oriole, is considered endangered, formerly critically endangered, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. ^[1]

Taxonomy

The genus Icterus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Venezuelan troupial as the type species. ^{[2] [3]} The name is the Latin word for a yellow bird, probably the Eurasian golden oriole. ^[4]

The genus name Icterus, as used by classical authors, referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage. Icterus is from Greek ἴκτερος (íkteros, “jaundice”); the ictērus was a bird the sight of which was believed to cure jaundice, perhaps the Eurasian golden oriole. ^[5] Brisson re-applied the name to the New World birds because of their similarity in appearance. ^[6]

Species list

The genus contains 32 extant species. ^[7]

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Scott's oriole	Icterus parisorum	Southwestern United States and south to Baja California Sur and central Mexico.
	Yellow-backed oriole	Icterus chrysater	Belize, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela.
	Audubon's oriole	Icterus graduacauda	westernmost range extends from Nayarit south to southern Oaxaca, whereas the eastern range stretches from the lower Rio Grande valley to northern Querétaro
	Jamaican oriole	Icterus leucopteryx	Jamaica and on the Colombian island of San Andrés
	Orange oriole	Icterus auratus	the Yucatán Peninsula and far northern Belize
	Altamira oriole	Icterus gularis	subtropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast and northern Central America, the Pacific coast and inland
	Yellow oriole	Icterus nigrogularis	northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and parts of northern Brazil, (northern Roraima state, and eastern Amapá)
	Bullock's oriole	Icterus bullockiorum	as far north as British Columbia in Canada and as far south as Sonora or Durango in Mexico
	Streak-backed oriole	Icterus pustulatus	Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and an occasional visitor to the Southwestern United States
	Black-backed oriole	Icterus abeillei	Mexico.
	Baltimore oriole	Icterus galbula	Canadian Prairies and eastern Montana in the northwest eastward through southern Ontario, southern Quebec and New Brunswick and south through the eastern United States to central Mississippi and Alabama and northern Georgia.
	Yellow-tailed oriole	Icterus mesomelas	southern Mexico to western Peru and northwestern Venezuela
	Spot-breasted oriole	Icterus pectoralis	Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.
	White-edged oriole	Icterus graceannae	Ecuador and Peru.
	Campo troupial	Icterus jamacaii	northeastern Brazil
	Venezuelan troupial	Icterus icterus	Colombia, Venezuela, and the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, and Puerto Rico.
	Orange-backed troupial	Icterus croconotus	Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay, and eastern Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru
	Bar-winged oriole	Icterus maculialatus	El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
	Black-vented oriole	Icterus wagleri	El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the United States.
	Hooded oriole	Icterus cucullatus	Baja California Sur, the Mexican east coast, and Belize.
	Black-cowled oriole	Icterus prosthemelas	eastern half of mainland Central America.
	Orchard oriole	Icterus spurius	United States, Mexico
	Cuban oriole	Icterus melanopsis	island of Cuba and the neighboring Isla de la juventud
	Bahama oriole	Icterus northropi	the Bahamas.
	Martinique oriole	Icterus bonana	Martinique, French West Indies
	Puerto Rican oriole	Icterus portoricensis	Puerto Rico
	Montserrat oriole	Icterus oberi	Lesser Antilles of the West Indies,
	Saint Lucia oriole	Icterus laudabilis	main island of St. Lucia
	Hispaniolan oriole	Icterus dominicensis	Hispaniola.
	Orange-crowned oriole	Icterus auricapillus	eastern Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.
	Variable oriole	Icterus pyrrhopterus	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
	Epaulet oriole	Icterus cayanensis	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname.

One extinct species, the Talara troupial (Icterus turmalis), is known from fossil remains recovered from the Talara Tar Seeps of northwestern Peru, and likely went extinct during the late Quaternary. It may have been a close associate of Pleistocene megafauna communities, and may have gone extinct following their collapse in populations. ^[8]

References

1. BirdLife International (2021). "Icterus Northrop". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T22736369A197193663. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22736369A197193663.en . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
2. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1 p. 30, Vol. 2 p. 85.
3. Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 149.
4. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 201–202. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
5. ictĕrus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6. Newton, Alfred (1911). "Icterus"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
8. Steadman, David W.; Oswald, Jessica A. (July 2020). "New species of troupial (Icterus) and cowbird (Molothrus) from ice-age Peru" . The Wilson Journal of Ornithology . 132 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1676/1559-4491-132.1.91. ISSN   1559-4491.

External links

• New World oriole videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection