Cardellina

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Cardellina
Cardellina rubrifrons.jpg
Red-faced warbler (Cardellina rubifrons)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Cardellina
Du Bus de Gisignies, 1849
Type species
Cardinella amicta [1] = Muscicapa rubrifrons
Du Bus
Species

See text

Synonyms

ErgaticusBaird (1865)

Cardellina is a genus of passerine birds in the New World warbler family Parulidae. The genus name Cardellina is a diminutive of the Italian dialect word Cardella for the European goldfinch. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Red warbler Ergaticus ruber 1.jpg
Red warbler

The genus was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1850. [3] The type species was subsequently designated as the red-faced warbler. [4] [5] The genus originally contained one species, the red-faced warbler. A comprehensive study of the wood-warblers published in 2010 that analysed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the five species formed a discrete clade, with the Wilson's and Canada warblers as early offshoots, followed by a lineage that gave rise to two branches – one leading to the red-faced and another that diverged to the red and pink-headed warblers. [6]

Spencer Fullerton Baird described the genus Ergaticus in 1865, using it to separate several species from what he felt was the closely related genus Cardellina, [7] and eventually subsumed into Cardellina in 2011. Prior to the creation and widespread acceptance of this genus, the red warbler and pink-headed warbler were placed in various other warbler genera, including Setophaga (with the American redstart), Cardellina (with the red-faced warbler), and Basileuterus (a widespread genus of tropical warblers) — as well as the Old World warbler genus Sylvia and the Old World tit genus Parus . [8] Recent DNA analysis shows that Ergaticus falls comfortably within the New World warbler clade, along with 18 other genera. It is closest to the genus Cardellina, with which it shares a common ancestor, and slightly more distantly related to the genus Wilsonia . [9]

There are two sister species, separated by the low-lying Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the genus. The red warbler, C. ruber, is found in the Mexican highlands north of the isthmus. Its three subspecies, which differ slightly in appearance, are found in three disjunct populations. The pink-headed warbler, C. versicolor, is found south of the isthmus, in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico and western Guatemala. It is monotypic across its limited range. [10] Though they are separated by geography and differ considerably in plumage, the two have sometimes been considered to be conspecific. [11]

Ergaticus is the Latinized version of the Ancient Greek ergatikos, meaning "willing or able to work". [12]

List of species

The following five species are currently recognized. [13]

ImageScientific nameCommon NameDistribution
8G7D5383-Canada.jpg Cardellina canadensis Canada warbler Summers in Canada and northeastern United States and winters in northern South America.
WilsonsWarbler-8AUG2017.jpg Cardellina pusilla Wilson's warbler Across Canada and south through the western United States, and winters from Mexico south through much of Central America.
Chipe Cara Roja, Red Faced Warbler, Cardellina rubrifrons (16854176538).jpg Cardellina rubrifrons Red-faced warbler Mexico and the US states of Arizona and New Mexico, and the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.
Red Warbler - Sinaloa - Mexico S4E1238 (22444216014).jpg Cardellina rubra Red warbler Mexican highlands north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
Ergaticus versicolor.jpg Cardellina versicolor Pink-headed warbler Southwestern Highlands of Guatemala and the central and southeastern Highlands of the Mexican state of Chiapas.

Description

These are medium-sized warblers, measuring 12.5–13.5 cm (4.9–5.3 in) in length, [nb 1] [10] and weighing 7.6–10 g (0.27–0.35 oz); the pink-headed warbler is, on average, slightly the heavier of the two. [11] As adults, their overall color is red, with duller wings and tails; juveniles are tawny-brown, with slightly paler underparts. The red warbler has white or silvery-gray ear patches (the color depends on the subspecies), while the pink-headed warbler's head and chest are silvery-pink. The sexes are similar in both species. [11] They have long, rounded wings and fairly long, rounded tails. They have small, narrow bills, with rictal bristles that extend more than halfway down their length. [8]

Habitat and range

Both the pink-headed and red warblers are birds of highland forest. [10] The red warbler is found from 2,000 to 3,500 m (6,600 to 11,500 ft) above sea level, and the pink-headed warbler from 2,000 to 3,800 m (6,600 to 12,500 ft). [11]

Notes

  1. ↑ By convention, length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird (or skin) laid on its back. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New World warbler</span> Family of birds

The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds that make up the family Parulidae and are restricted to the New World. The family contains 120 species. They are not closely related to Old World warblers or Australian warblers. Most are arboreal, but some, like the ovenbird and the two waterthrushes, are primarily terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typical warbler</span> Genus of birds

The typical warblers are small birds belonging to the genus Sylvia in the "Old World warbler" family Sylviidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilson's warbler</span> Species of bird

Wilson's warbler is a small New World warbler. It is greenish above and yellow below, with rounded wings and a long, slim tail. The male has a black crown patch; depending on the subspecies, that mark is reduced or absent in the female. It breeds across Canada and south through the western United States, and winters from Mexico south through much of Central America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hooded warbler</span> Species of bird

The hooded warbler is a New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America across the eastern United States and into southernmost Canada (Ontario). It is migratory, wintering in Central America and the West Indies. Hooded warblers are very rare vagrants to western Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nashville warbler</span> Species of bird

The Nashville warbler is a small songbird in the New World warbler family, found in North and Central America. It breeds in parts of the northern and western United States and southern Canada, and migrates to winter in southern California and Texas, Mexico, and the north of Central America. It has a gray head and a green back, and its underparts are yellow and white.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-breasted chat</span> Species of bird

The yellow-breasted chat is a large songbird found in North America, and is the only member of the family Icteriidae. It was once a member of the New World warbler family Parulidae, but in 2017, the American Ornithological Society moved it to its own family. Its placement is not definitively resolved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted redstart</span> Species of bird

The painted redstart or painted whitestart is a species of New World warbler found in mountainous areas across inland Central America. They are among the largest warblers, reaching the length of 6 inches (150 mm), tail included. Adult birds have glossy black plumage, with white strips on the wing and a bright red belly. Female and male birds have similar appearance. Female painted redstarts have a rare feature of being as good singers as the males.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-faced warbler</span> Species of bird

The red-faced warbler is a species of New World warbler.

<i>Wilsonia</i> (bird) Genus of birds

Wilsonia is a small genus of New World warblers which breed in North America. They are migratory, wintering south of their breeding ranges in Central America, the West Indies or South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elfin woods warbler</span> Small bird of the New World warbler family endemic to Puerto Rico

The elfin woods warbler is a species of bird endemic to Puerto Rico, where it is local and uncommon. Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972, it is the most recently described New World warbler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red warbler</span> Species of bird

The red warbler is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family Parulidae endemic to the highlands of Mexico, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is closely related to, and forms a superspecies with, the pink-headed warbler of southern Mexico and Guatemala. There are three subspecies, found in disjunct populations, which differ in the color of their ear patch and in the brightness and tone of their body plumage. The adult is bright red, with a white or gray ear patch, depending on the subspecies; young birds are pinkish-brown, with a whitish ear patch and two pale wingbars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink-headed warbler</span> Species of bird

The pink-headed warbler is a small passerine bird found in the southwestern highlands of Guatemala and the central and southeastern highlands of the Mexican state of Chiapas. The adult is primarily red, with a silvery-pink head and chest. It is a fairly common to common resident of humid to semi-humid pine-oak, pine-evergreen and evergreen forest and edge, at altitudes ranging from 1,800–3,500 m (5,900–11,500 ft) above sea level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban warbler</span> Tiny family of birds found only in Cuba

The Cuban warblers are a genus, Teretistris, and family, Teretistridae, of birds endemic to Cuba and its surrounding cays. Until 2002 they were thought to be New World warblers, but DNA studies have shown that they are not closely related to that family. The family consists of two species, the yellow-headed warbler and the Oriente warbler. Both species are found in forest and scrub, with the yellow-headed warbler ranging in the west of the island and the Oriente warbler in the east. The Cuban warblers are 13 cm (5.1 in) long and have similar yellow and grey plumage.

<i>Myiothlypis</i> Genus of birds

Myiothlypis is a genus of New World warblers, best represented in Central and South America. This is one of only two warbler genera that are well represented in the latter continent. All of these species were formerly placed in the genus Basileuterus.

References

  1. ↑ "Parulidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  2. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 91. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ↑ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1850). Conspectus generum avium (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden]: E.J. Brill. p. 312.
  4. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 51.
  5. ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 368. ISBN   978-0-9568611-2-2.
  6. ↑ Lovette, Irby J.; Pérez-Emán, Jorge L.; Sullivan, John P.; Banks, Richard C.; Fiorentino, Isabella; Córdoba-Córdoba, Sergio; Echeverry-Galvis, María; Barker, F. Keith; Burns, Kevin J.; Klicka, John; Lanyon, Scott M.; Bermingham, Eldredge (2010). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves )" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (2): 753–770. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..753L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018. PMID   20696258. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Baird, Spencer Fullerton (1865). Review of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 264.
  8. 1 2 Ridgway, Robert; Friedmann, Herbert (1901). The birds of North and Middle America. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office. pp. 758–761. ISBN   1-112-57414-X.
  9. ↑ Lovett, I. J.; Bermingham, E. (July 2002). "What is a Wood Warbler? Molecular Categorization of a Monophyletic Parulidae" (PDF). The Auk. 119 (3): 695–714. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0695:WIAWWM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86287753. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Howell, Steve N. G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. pp.  654–655. ISBN   0-19-854012-4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Curson, John; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 191–193. ISBN   0-7136-3932-6.
  12. ↑ Jaeger, Edmund C. (1978). A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p.  95. ISBN   0-398-00916-3.
  13. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  14. ↑ Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic . Vol. 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN   0-19-857358-8.


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