Organomegaly

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Organomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of organs. For example, cardiomegaly is enlargement of the heart. Visceromegaly is the enlargement of abdominal organs. [1] Examples of visceromegaly are enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), stomach, kidneys, and pancreas.

Definitions for various organs

Values refer to adults unless otherwise specified.

OrganTerm for enlargement Cutoff for definition
Abdominal aorta Ectasia or mild dilation

>2.0 cm and <3.0 cm [2]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Moderate AAA: 3.0–5.0 cm [2]
  • Large or severe AAA: >5.0 [2] or 5.5. [3] cm
Common bile duct Dilatation
  • Mild dilatation: [4] 8–12 mm
  • Moderate dilatation: [4] 12–16 mm
  • Severe dilatation: [4] 16–20 mm
  • Extremely severe dilatation: [4] >20 mm
Gallbladder Wall thickening3 mm wall thickness [5]
HydropsGreater than 5 cm transverse dimension [6]
Heart Cardiomegaly
Large intestine Dilation

Upper limit of normal range of diameter: [9]

Wall thickeningWall thickness 5 mm [10]
Kidneys Enlargement
SexUpper limit of standard reference range
Right kidneyLeft kidney
Men [12] 160 g (5.6 oz)175 g (6.2 oz)
Women [13] 175 g (6.2 oz)190 g (6.7 oz)
Liver Hepatomegaly
Lymph nodes Lymphadenopathy Generally 10 mm [15] [16]
Renal pelvis Part of hydronephrosis grading 4 – 20 mm:
  • Fetal: Anteroposterior diameter of less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. [17]
  • Adults: cutoff values defined differently by different sources, with anteroposterior diameters ranging between 10 and 20 mm. [18] About 13% of normal healthy adults have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm. [19]
Prostate Prostatomegaly Volume over 30 cm3.
Pulmonary artery Dilation>29 mm [20]
Small intestine Dilation
  • Mild: 2.5–2.9 cm [23]
  • Moderate: 3-4 cm [23]
  • Severe: >4 cm [23]
Wall thickening3–5 mm [26]
Spleen Splenomegaly
  • Moderate splenomegaly: the largest dimension is between 11–20 cm [27]
  • Severe splenomegaly: the largest dimension is greater than 20 cm [27]
  • Autopsy: Weight over upper limit of standard reference range, of 230 g (8.1 oz) [12] [13]
Thoracic aorta DilationDiameters:
  • >3.5 cm generally [30]

Upper limits of standard reference range:

  • 3.3 cm in small young individuals [31]
  • 4.3 cm among large elderly individuals. [31]
  • 2.3 cm among small young individuals [31]
  • 3.2 cm among large elderly individuals. [31]
Thoracic aortic aneurysm Diameter:
  • > 4.5 cm (US) [30]
  • > 4.0 cm (Korea) [32]
Testis Enlargement 5 cm (long axis) x 3 cm (short axis) [33]
Tonsil Enlarged tonsil2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width and 1.2 cm in thickness. [34]
Ureter Megaureter 6 [35] or 7 [36] mm
Urinary bladder Wall thickening3–5 mm thick, and < 3 mm when well distended. [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Appendicitis</span> Inflammation of the appendix

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aneurysm</span> Bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus for clot formation (thrombosis) and embolization. As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture, which leads to uncontrolled bleeding, increases. Although they may occur in any blood vessel, particularly lethal examples include aneurysms of the circle of Willis in the brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the thoracic aorta, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aneurysms can arise in the heart itself following a heart attack, including both ventricular and atrial septal aneurysms. There are congenital atrial septal aneurysms, a rare heart defect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bowel obstruction</span> Medical condition

Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas. Mechanical obstruction is the cause of about 5 to 15% of cases of severe abdominal pain of sudden onset requiring admission to hospital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interventional radiology</span> Medical subspecialty

Interventional radiology (IR) is a medical specialty that performs various minimally-invasive procedures using medical imaging guidance, such as x-ray fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasound. IR performs both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures through very small incisions or body orifices. Diagnostic IR procedures are those intended to help make a diagnosis or guide further medical treatment, and include image-guided biopsy of a tumor or injection of an imaging contrast agent into a hollow structure, such as a blood vessel or a duct. By contrast, therapeutic IR procedures provide direct treatment—they include catheter-based medicine delivery, medical device placement, and angioplasty of narrowed structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular surgery</span> Medical specialty, operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders

Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which vascular diseases involving the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction. The specialty evolved from general and cardiovascular surgery where it refined the management of just the vessels, no longer treating the heart or other organs. Modern vascular surgery includes open surgery techniques, endovascular techniques and medical management of vascular diseases - unlike the parent specialities. The vascular surgeon is trained in the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system excluding the coronaries and intracranial vasculature. Vascular surgeons also are called to assist other physicians to carry out surgery near vessels, or to salvage vascular injuries that include hemorrhage control, dissection, occlusion or simply for safe exposure of vascular structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper gastrointestinal series</span> Radiographs used to examine abnormalities of the digestive system excluding the colon

An upper gastrointestinal series, also called a barium swallow, barium study, or barium meal, is a series of radiographs used to examine the gastrointestinal tract for abnormalities. A contrast medium, usually a radiocontrast agent such as barium sulfate mixed with water, is ingested or instilled into the gastrointestinal tract, and X-rays are used to create radiographs of the regions of interest. The barium enhances the visibility of the relevant parts of the gastrointestinal tract by coating the inside wall of the tract and appearing white on the film. This in combination with other plain radiographs allows for the imaging of parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract such as the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine such that the inside wall lining, size, shape, contour, and patency are visible to the examiner. With fluoroscopy, it is also possible to visualize the functional movement of examined organs such as swallowing, peristalsis, or sphincter closure. Depending on the organs to be examined, barium radiographs can be classified into "barium swallow", "barium meal", "barium follow-through", and "enteroclysis". To further enhance the quality of images, air or gas is sometimes introduced into the gastrointestinal tract in addition to barium, and this procedure is called double-contrast imaging. In this case the gas is referred to as the negative contrast medium. Traditionally the images produced with barium contrast are made with plain-film radiography, but computed tomography is also used in combination with barium contrast, in which case the procedure is called "CT enterography".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdominal pain</span> Stomach aches

Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues. Since the abdomen contains most of the body's vital organs, it can be an indicator of a wide variety of diseases. Given that, approaching the examination of a person and planning of a differential diagnosis is extremely important.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aortic aneurysm</span> Excessive enlargement of the human aorta

An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilatation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. Typically, there are no symptoms except when the aneurysm dissects or ruptures, which causes sudden, severe pain in the abdomen and lower back.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdominal aortic aneurysm</span> Medical condition

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal. An AAA usually causes no symptoms, except during rupture. Occasionally, abdominal, back, or leg pain may occur. Large aneurysms can sometimes be felt by pushing on the abdomen. Rupture may result in pain in the abdomen or back, low blood pressure, or loss of consciousness, and often results in death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</span> Medical condition

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm that presents primarily in the thorax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diverticulum</span> Medical or biological term for an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body

In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intussusception (medical disorder)</span> Medical condition

Intussusception is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine folds into the section immediately ahead of it. It typically involves the small bowel and less commonly the large bowel. Symptoms include abdominal pain which may come and go, vomiting, abdominal bloating, and bloody stool. It often results in a small bowel obstruction. Other complications may include peritonitis or bowel perforation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiomegaly</span> Medical condition

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart becomes enlarged. It is more commonly referred to simply as "having an enlarged heart". It is usually the result of underlying conditions that make the heart work harder, such as obesity, heart valve disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), and coronary artery disease. Cardiomyopathy is also associated with cardiomegaly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyonephrosis</span> Medical condition

Pyonephrosis is a dangerous kidney infection that is characterized by pus accumulation in the renal collecting system. It is linked to renal collecting system blockage and suppurative renal parenchymal destruction, which result in complete or nearly complete kidney failure.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis or Ormond's disease is a disease featuring the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneum, the compartment of the body containing the kidneys, aorta, renal tract, and various other structures. It may present with lower back pain, kidney failure, hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, and other obstructive symptoms. It is named after John Kelso Ormond, who rediscovered the condition in 1948.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascending aorta</span> Part of the heart

The ascending aorta (AAo) is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdominal ultrasonography</span> Type of medical scan

Abdominal ultrasonography is a form of medical ultrasonography to visualise abdominal anatomical structures. It uses transmission and reflection of ultrasound waves to visualise internal organs through the abdominal wall. For this reason, the procedure is also called a transabdominal ultrasound, in contrast to endoscopic ultrasound, the latter combining ultrasound with endoscopy through visualize internal structures from within hollow organs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdominal x-ray</span>

An abdominal x-ray is an x-ray of the abdomen. It is sometimes abbreviated to AXR, or KUB.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis</span>

Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis is an application of computed tomography (CT) and is a sensitive method for diagnosis of abdominal diseases. It is used frequently to determine stage of cancer and to follow progress. It is also a useful test to investigate acute abdominal pain. Renal stones, appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and bowel obstruction are conditions that are readily diagnosed and assessed with CT. CT is also the first line for detecting solid organ injury after trauma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inflammatory aortic aneurysm</span> Medical condition

Inflammatory aortic aneurysm (IAA), also known as Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA), is a type of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) where the walls of the aneurysm become thick and inflamed. Similar to AAA, IAA occurs in the abdominal region. IAA is closely associated and believed to be a response to and extensive peri-aneurysmal fibrosis, which is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process IAA accounts for 5-10% of aortic aneurysms. IAA occurs mainly in a population that is on average younger by 10 years than most AAA patients. Some common symptoms of IAA may include back pain, abdominal tenderness, fevers, weight loss or elevated Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs have been found to decrease symptoms and the degree of peri-aortic inflammation and fibrosis

References

  1. ↑ "Visceromegaly on Medline Plus" . Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Page 56 in: Philip Lumb (2014). Critical Care Ultrasound E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780323278171.
  3. ↑ Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW (Apr 2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial". BMJ. 330 (7494): 750. doi:10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82. PMC   555873 . PMID   15757960.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Yunfu Lv, Wan Yee Lau, Haiying Wu, Shunwu Chang, NingLiu, Yejuan Li, Jie Deng (2015). "Etiological Causes of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Dilatation" (PDF). International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR). 1 (8).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ van Breda Vriesman, Adriaan C.; Engelbrecht, Marc R.; Smithuis, Robin H. M.; Puylaert, Julien B. C. M. (2007). "Diffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening: Differential Diagnosis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (2): 495–501. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1712. ISSN   0361-803X. PMID   17242260.
  6. ↑ Page 256 in Neil Kaplowitz (1996). Liver and Biliary Diseases. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9780683045451.
  7. ↑ Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (2007). "Cardiothoracic ratio within the "normal" range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart. 93 (4): 491–494. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238. ISSN   1355-6037. PMC   1861494 . PMID   17164481.
  8. ↑ Tracy, Richard Everett (2011). "Association of Cardiomegaly with Coronary Artery Histopathology and its Relationship to Atheroma". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 18 (1): 32–41. doi: 10.5551/jat.5090 . ISSN   1880-3873. PMID   20953090.
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  11. ↑ Yuranga Weerakkody; Henry Knipe; et al. "Kidneys". Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017-11-13.
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  14. ↑ Vermelho, Marli Batista Fernandes; Correia, Ademir Silva; Michailowsky, Tânia Cibele de Almeida; Suzart, Elizete Kazumi Kuniyoshi; Ibanês, Aline Santos; Almeida, Lanamar Aparecida; Khoury, Zarifa; Barba, Mário Flores (2015). "Abdominal alterations in disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis: computed tomography findings". Radiologia Brasileira. 48 (2): 81–85. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0025. ISSN   0100-3984. PMC   4433296 . PMID   25987748.
  15. ↑ Ganeshalingam, Skandadas; Koh, Dow-Mu (2009). "Nodal staging". Cancer Imaging. 9 (1): 104–11. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0017. ISSN   1470-7330. PMC   2821588 . PMID   20080453.
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  20. ↑ Frank Gaillard; et al. "Pulmonary hypertension". Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  21. 1 2 Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-02-07.
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  23. 1 2 3 Kuang, Lian-qin; Zhao, Da-wei; Cheng, Cheng; Wang, Yi (2016). "Prediction of Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Bezoars Using Risk Factor Categories on Multidetector Computed Tomographic Findings". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2016/6569103 . ISSN   2314-6133. PMC   4925944 . PMID   27403434.
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  27. 1 2 3 Neetu Radhakrishnan (2018-07-25). "Splenomegaly". Medscape . Updated Apr. 2012 (referring the classification system to Poulin et al.
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  34. ↑ Michaels, L. (1987). "Normal Anatomy, Histology; Inflammatory Diseases". Ear, Nose and Throat Histopathology. pp. 265–272. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3332-2_26. ISBN   978-1-4471-3334-6.
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  37. ↑ Page 12 in: Uday Patel (2010). Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9781848828360.
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