Organomegaly

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Organomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of organs. For example, clitoromegaly is the enlargement of the clitoris, and cardiomegaly is enlargement of the heart. Visceromegaly is the enlargement of abdominal organs. [1] Examples of visceromegaly are enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), stomach, kidneys, and pancreas.

Definitions for various organs

Values refer to adults unless otherwise specified.

OrganTerm for enlargement Cutoff for definition
Abdominal aorta Ectasia or mild dilation

>2.0 cm and <3.0 cm [2]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Moderate AAA: 3.0–5.0 cm [2]
  • Large or severe AAA: >5.0 [2] or 5.5. [3] cm
Common bile duct Dilatation
  • Mild dilatation: [4] 8–12 mm
  • Moderate dilatation: [4] 12–16 mm
  • Severe dilatation: [4] 16–20 mm
  • Extremely severe dilatation: [4] >20 mm
Gallbladder Wall thickening3 mm wall thickness [5]
HydropsGreater than 5 cm transverse dimension [6]
Heart Cardiomegaly
Large intestine Dilation

Upper limit of normal range of diameter: [9]

Wall thickeningWall thickness 5 mm [10]
Kidneys Enlargement
SexUpper limit of standard reference range
Right kidneyLeft kidney
Men [12] 160 g (5.6 oz)175 g (6.2 oz)
Women [13] 175 g (6.2 oz)190 g (6.7 oz)
Liver Hepatomegaly
Lymph nodes Lymphadenopathy Generally 10 mm [15] [16]
Renal pelvis Part of hydronephrosis grading 4 – 20 mm:
  • Fetal: Anteroposterior diameter of less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. [17]
  • Adults: cutoff values defined differently by different sources, with anteroposterior diameters ranging between 10 and 20 mm. [18] About 13% of normal healthy adults have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm. [19]
Prostate Prostatomegaly Volume over 30 cm3.
Pulmonary artery Dilation>29 mm [20]
Small intestine Dilation
  • Mild: 2.5–2.9 cm [23]
  • Moderate: 3-4 cm [23]
  • Severe: >4 cm [23]
Wall thickening3–5 mm [26]
Spleen Splenomegaly
  • Moderate splenomegaly: the largest dimension is between 11–20 cm [27]
  • Severe splenomegaly: the largest dimension is greater than 20 cm [27]
  • Autopsy: Weight over upper limit of standard reference range, of 230 g (8.1 oz) [12] [13]
Thoracic aorta DilationDiameters:
  • >3.5 cm generally [30]

Upper limits of standard reference range:

  • 3.3 cm in small young individuals [31]
  • 4.3 cm among large elderly individuals. [31]
  • 2.3 cm among small young individuals [31]
  • 3.2 cm among large elderly individuals. [31]
Thoracic aortic aneurysm Diameter:
  • > 4.5 cm (US) [30]
  • > 4.0 cm (Korea) [32]
Testis Enlargement 5 cm (long axis) x 3 cm (short axis) [33]
Tonsil Enlarged tonsil2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width and 1.2 cm in thickness. [34]
Ureter Megaureter 6 [35] or 7 [36] mm
Urinary bladder Wall thickening3–5 mm thick, and < 3 mm when well distended. [37]

Related Research Articles

Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.

Aneurysm Bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus for clot formation (thrombosis) and embolization. The word is from Greek: ἀνεύρυσμα, aneurysma, "dilation", from ἀνευρύνειν, aneurynein, "to dilate". As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture, which leads to uncontrolled bleeding, increases. Although they may occur in any blood vessel, particularly lethal examples include aneurysms of the Circle of Willis in the brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the thoracic aorta, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aneurysms can arise in the heart itself following a heart attack, including both ventricular and atrial septal aneurysms. There are congenital atrial septal aneurysms, a rare heart defect.

Bowel obstruction Medical condition

Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas. Mechanical obstruction is the cause of about 5 to 15% of cases of severe abdominal pain of sudden onset requiring admission to hospital.

Interventional radiology Medical subspecialty

Interventional radiology (IR) is a medical specialty that performs various minimally-invasive procedures using medical imaging guidance, such as x-ray fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasound. IR performs both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures through very small incisions or body orifices. Diagnostic IR procedures are those intended to help make a diagnosis or guide further medical treatment, and include image-guided biopsy of a tumor or injection of an imaging contrast agent into a hollow structure, such as a blood vessel or a duct. By contrast, therapeutic IR procedures provide direct treatment—they include catheter-based medicine delivery, medical device placement, and angioplasty of narrowed structures.

Abdominal pain Stomach aches

Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.

Aortic aneurysm Notable enlargement of the aorta (heart artery)

An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilatation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. They usually cause no symptoms except when ruptured. Occasionally, there may be abdominal, back, or leg pain. The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm ("AAA") has been reported to range from 2 to 12% and is found in about 8% of men more than 65 years of age. The mortality rate attributable to AAA is about 15,000 per year in the United States and 6,000 to 8,000 per year in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Between 2001 and 2006, there were approximately 230,000 AAA surgical repairs performed on Medicare patients in the United States.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm Medical condition

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal. They usually cause no symptoms, except during rupture. Occasionally, abdominal, back, or leg pain may occur. Large aneurysms can sometimes be felt by pushing on the abdomen. Rupture may result in pain in the abdomen or back, low blood pressure, or loss of consciousness, and often results in death.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm Medical condition

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm that presents primarily in the thorax.

Lymphadenopathy Disease of lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is a disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency. Lymphadenopathy of an inflammatory type is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes. In clinical practice, the distinction between lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis is rarely made and the words are usually treated as synonymous. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is known as lymphangitis. Infectious lymphadenitis affecting lymph nodes in the neck is often called scrofula.

Diverticulum Medical or biological term for an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body

In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false.

Intussusception (medical disorder) Medical condition

Intussusception is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine folds into the section immediately ahead of it. It typically involves the small bowel and less commonly the large bowel. Symptoms include abdominal pain which may come and go, vomiting, abdominal bloating, and bloody stool. It often results in a small bowel obstruction. Other complications may include peritonitis or bowel perforation.

Cardiomegaly Medical condition

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged. As such, it is more commonly referred to simply as "having an enlarged heart". It is usually the result of underlying conditions that make the heart work harder, such as obesity, heart valve disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), and coronary artery disease. Cardiomyopathy is also associated with cardiomegaly.

Ascending aorta Part of the heart

The ascending aorta (AAo) is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum.

Abdominal ultrasonography

Abdominal ultrasonography is a form of medical ultrasonography to visualise abdominal anatomical structures. It uses transmission and reflection of ultrasound waves to visualise internal organs through the abdominal wall. For this reason, the procedure is also called a transabdominal ultrasound, in contrast to endoscopic ultrasound, the latter combining ultrasound with endoscopy through visualize internal structures from within hollow organs.

Computed tomography angiography

Computed tomography angiography is a computed tomography technique used for angiography—the visualization of arteries and veins—throughout the human body. Using contrast injected into the blood vessels, images are created to look for blockages, aneurysms, dissections, and stenosis. CTA can be used to visualize the vessels of the heart, the aorta and other large blood vessels, the lungs, the kidneys, the head and neck, and the arms and legs. CTA can also be used to localise arterial or venous bleed of the gastrointestinal system.

Intestinal ischemia Restriction of blood flow to the small intestine resulting in injury

Intestinal ischemia is a medical condition in which injury to the large or small intestine occurs due to not enough blood supply. It can come on suddenly, known as acute intestinal ischemia, or gradually, known as chronic intestinal ischemia. The acute form of the disease often presents with sudden severe abdominal pain and is associated with a high risk of death. The chronic form typically presents more gradually with abdominal pain after eating, unintentional weight loss, vomiting, and fear of eating.

Abdominal x-ray

An abdominal x-ray is an x-ray of the abdomen. It is sometimes abbreviated to AXR, or KUB.

Prehospital ultrasound is the specialized application of ultrasound by paramedics, to guide immediate care and treatment procedures. Like conventional ultrasound, it is a device that produces cyclic sound pressure to penetrate a medium (flesh) and reveal details about the inner structure of the medium.

Inflammatory aortic aneurysm Medical condition

Inflammatory aortic aneurysm (IAA), also known as Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA), is a type of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) where the walls of the aneurysm become thick and inflamed. Similar to AAA, IAA occurs in the abdominal region. IAA is closely associated and believed to be a response to and extensive peri-aneurysmal fibrosis, which is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process IAA accounts for 5-10% of aortic aneurysms. IAA occurs mainly in a population that is on average younger by 10 years than most AAA patients. Some common symptoms of IAA may include back pain, abdominal tenderness, fevers, weight loss or elevated Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs have been found to decrease symptoms and the degree of peri-aortic inflammation and fibrosis

High attenuation crescent sign or hyperdense crescent sign is a radiologic sign indicating impending aortic rupture. It is seen as a curvilinear area paralleling the vessel wall of the aorta. The hyperdense area is due to intramural or mural thrombus haemorrhage. The blood that dissects through mural thrombosis or wall of the aneurysm causes weakening of the wall. This is of relatively high density compared to the psoas muscle in contrast-enhanced CT and greater than the aorta in non-contrast CT imaging.

References

  1. ↑ "Visceromegaly on Medline Plus" . Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Page 56 in: Philip Lumb (2014). Critical Care Ultrasound E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780323278171.
  3. ↑ Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW (Apr 2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial". BMJ. 330 (7494): 750. doi:10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82. PMC   555873 . PMID   15757960.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Yunfu Lv, Wan Yee Lau, Haiying Wu, Shunwu Chang, NingLiu, Yejuan Li, Jie Deng (2015). "Etiological Causes of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Dilatation" (PDF). International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR). 1 (8).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ van Breda Vriesman, Adriaan C.; Engelbrecht, Marc R.; Smithuis, Robin H. M.; Puylaert, Julien B. C. M. (2007). "Diffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening: Differential Diagnosis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (2): 495–501. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1712. ISSN   0361-803X. PMID   17242260.
  6. ↑ Page 256 in Neil Kaplowitz (1996). Liver and Biliary Diseases. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9780683045451.
  7. ↑ Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (2007). "Cardiothoracic ratio within the "normal" range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart. 93 (4): 491–494. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238. ISSN   1355-6037. PMC   1861494 . PMID   17164481.
  8. ↑ Tracy, Richard Everett (2011). "Association of Cardiomegaly with Coronary Artery Histopathology and its Relationship to Atheroma". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 18 (1): 32–41. doi: 10.5551/jat.5090 . ISSN   1880-3873. PMID   20953090.
  9. ↑ Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". J Vis Exp (41). doi:10.3791/1931. PMC   3149991 . PMID   20689513.
  10. ↑ Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014). "Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis". Insights into Imaging. 5 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y. ISSN   1869-4101. PMC   3999365 . PMID   24407923.
  11. ↑ Yuranga Weerakkody; Henry Knipe; et al. "Kidneys". Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  12. 1 2 3 Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J.M. (2012). "Normal Organ Weights in Men". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 33 (4): 368–372. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad. ISSN   0195-7910. PMID   22182984. S2CID   32174574.
  13. 1 2 3 Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J. M. (2015). "Normal Organ Weights in Women". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 36 (3): 182–187. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175. ISSN   0195-7910. PMID   26108038. S2CID   25319215.
  14. ↑ Vermelho, Marli Batista Fernandes; Correia, Ademir Silva; Michailowsky, Tânia Cibele de Almeida; Suzart, Elizete Kazumi Kuniyoshi; Ibanês, Aline Santos; Almeida, Lanamar Aparecida; Khoury, Zarifa; Barba, Mário Flores (2015). "Abdominal alterations in disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis: computed tomography findings". Radiologia Brasileira. 48 (2): 81–85. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0025. ISSN   0100-3984. PMC   4433296 . PMID   25987748.
  15. ↑ Ganeshalingam, Skandadas; Koh, Dow-Mu (2009). "Nodal staging". Cancer Imaging. 9 (1): 104–11. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0017. ISSN   1470-7330. PMC   2821588 . PMID   20080453.
  16. ↑ Schmidt Júnior, Aurelino Fernandes; Rodrigues, Olavo Ribeiro; Matheus, Roberto Storte; Kim, Jorge Du Ub; Jatene, Fábio Biscegli (2007). "Distribuição, tamanho e número dos linfonodos mediastinais: definições por meio de estudo anatômico". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 33 (2): 134–140. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132007000200006 . ISSN   1806-3713. PMID   17724531.
  17. ↑ Page 189 in: V. D'Addario (2014). Donald School Basic Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN   9789351523376.
  18. ↑ Page 78 in: Justin Bowra, Russell E (2011). Emergency Ultrasound Made Easy, Edition 2. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780702048722.
  19. ↑ Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Ytte L (1993). "Sonographic evaluation of renal appearance in 665 adult volunteers. Correlation with age and obesity". Acta Radiol. 34 (5): 482–5. doi:10.3109/02841859309175388. PMID   8369185.
  20. ↑ Frank Gaillard; et al. "Pulmonary hypertension". Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  21. 1 2 Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  22. ↑ Gazelle, G S; Goldberg, M A; Wittenberg, J; Halpern, E F; Pinkney, L; Mueller, P R (1994). "Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 (1): 43–47. doi: 10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273687 . ISSN   0361-803X. PMID   8273687.
  23. 1 2 3 Kuang, Lian-qin; Zhao, Da-wei; Cheng, Cheng; Wang, Yi (2016). "Prediction of Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Bezoars Using Risk Factor Categories on Multidetector Computed Tomographic Findings". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2016/6569103 . ISSN   2314-6133. PMC   4925944 . PMID   27403434.
  24. ↑ "Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern". radiologymasterclass.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  25. ↑ Pérez, M. A.; Affatato, Saverio; Zanini, Filippo; Carmignato, Simone (2017). "Micro X-Ray Computed Tomography Mass Loss Assessment of Different UHMWPE: A Hip Joint Simulator Study on Standard vs. Cross-Linked Polyethylene". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0170263. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270263A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170263 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5249200 . PMID   28107468.
  26. ↑ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-03-07. Updated: Sep 22, 2016
  27. 1 2 3 Neetu Radhakrishnan (2018-07-25). "Splenomegaly". Medscape . Updated Apr. 2012 (referring the classification system to Poulin et al.
  28. ↑ Page 1964 in: Florian Lang (2009). Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9783540671367.
  29. ↑ Saboo, S S; Krajewski, K M; O'Regan, K N; Giardino, A; Brown, J R; Ramaiya, N; Jagannathan, J P (2012). "Spleen in haematological malignancies: spectrum of imaging findings". The British Journal of Radiology. 85 (1009): 81–92. doi:10.1259/bjr/31542964. ISSN   0007-1285. PMC   3473934 . PMID   22096219.
  30. 1 2 Bret P Nelson (2015-10-01). "Thoracic Aneurysm". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Wolak, Arik; Gransar, Heidi; Thomson, Louise E.J.; Friedman, John D.; Hachamovitch, Rory; Gutstein, Ariel; Shaw, Leslee J.; Polk, Donna; Wong, Nathan D.; Saouaf, Rola; Hayes, Sean W.; Rozanski, Alan; Slomka, Piotr J.; Germano, Guido; Berman, Daniel S. (2008). "Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography: Normal Limits by Age, Gender, and Body Surface Area". JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 1 (2): 200–209. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.11.005 . ISSN   1936-878X. PMID   19356429.
  32. ↑ Cho, In-Jeong; Jang, Sung-Yeol; Chang, Hyuk-Jae; Shin, Sanghoon; Shim, Chi Young; Hong, Geu-Ru; Chung, Namsik (2014). "Aortic Aneurysm Screening in a High-Risk Population: A Non-Contrast Computed Tomography Study in Korean Males with Hypertension". Korean Circulation Journal. 44 (3): 162–9. doi:10.4070/kcj.2014.44.3.162. ISSN   1738-5520. PMC   4037638 . PMID   24876857.
  33. ↑ Page 559 in: John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak (2012). Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography (6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9781455737666.
  34. ↑ Chapter: Ear, Nose and Throat Histopathology in L. Michaels (1987). Normal Anatomy, Histology; Inflammatory Diseases. Springer London. ISBN   9781447133322.
  35. ↑ "Enlarged ureter". Greifswald Medical School . 2015-12-18. Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  36. ↑ Page 140 in: Mitchell E. Tublin (2015). Diagnostic Imaging: Genitourinary E-Book. Edition 3. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780323400428.
  37. ↑ Page 12 in: Uday Patel (2010). Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9781848828360.
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