Organomegaly

Last updated

Organomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of organs. For example, cardiomegaly is enlargement of the heart. Visceromegaly is the enlargement of abdominal organs. [1] Examples of visceromegaly are enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), stomach, kidneys, and pancreas.

Definitions for various organs

Values refer to adults unless otherwise specified.

OrganTerm for enlargement Cutoff for definition
Abdominal aorta Ectasia or mild dilation

>2.0 cm and <3.0 cm [2]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Moderate AAA: 3.0–5.0 cm [2]
  • Large or severe AAA: >5.0 [2] or 5.5. [3] cm
Common bile duct Dilatation
  • Mild dilatation: [4] 8–12 mm
  • Moderate dilatation: [4] 12–16 mm
  • Severe dilatation: [4] 16–20 mm
  • Extremely severe dilatation: [4] >20 mm
Gallbladder Wall thickening3 mm wall thickness [5]
HydropsGreater than 5 cm transverse dimension [6]
Heart Cardiomegaly
Large intestine Dilation

Upper limit of normal range of diameter: [9]

Wall thickeningWall thickness 5 mm [10]
Kidneys Enlargement
SexUpper limit of standard reference range
Right kidneyLeft kidney
Men [12] 160 g (5.6 oz)175 g (6.2 oz)
Women [13] 175 g (6.2 oz)190 g (6.7 oz)
Liver Hepatomegaly
Lymph nodes Lymphadenopathy Generally 10 mm [15] [16]
Renal pelvis Part of hydronephrosis grading 4 – 20 mm:
  • Fetal: Anteroposterior diameter of less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. [17]
  • Adults: cutoff values defined differently by different sources, with anteroposterior diameters ranging between 10 and 20 mm. [18] About 13% of normal healthy adults have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm. [19]
Prostate Prostatomegaly Volume over 30 cm3.
Pulmonary artery Dilation>29 mm [20]
Small intestine Dilation
  • Mild: 2.5–2.9 cm [23]
  • Moderate: 3-4 cm [23]
  • Severe: >4 cm [23]
Wall thickening3–5 mm [26]
Spleen Splenomegaly
  • Moderate splenomegaly: the largest dimension is between 11–20 cm [27]
  • Severe splenomegaly: the largest dimension is greater than 20 cm [27]
  • Autopsy: Weight over upper limit of standard reference range, of 230 g (8.1 oz) [12] [13]
Thoracic aorta DilationDiameters:
  • >3.5 cm generally [30]

Upper limits of standard reference range:

  • 3.3 cm in small young individuals [31]
  • 4.3 cm among large elderly individuals. [31]
  • 2.3 cm among small young individuals [31]
  • 3.2 cm among large elderly individuals. [31]
Thoracic aortic aneurysm Diameter:
  • > 4.5 cm (US) [30]
  • > 4.0 cm (Korea) [32]
Testis Enlargement 5 cm (long axis) x 3 cm (short axis) [33]
Tonsil Enlarged tonsil2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width and 1.2 cm in thickness. [34]
Ureter Megaureter 6 [35] or 7 [36] mm
Urinary bladder Wall thickening3–5 mm thick, and < 3 mm when well distended. [37]

References

  1. ↑ "Visceromegaly on Medline Plus" . Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Page 56 in: Philip Lumb (2014). Critical Care Ultrasound E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780323278171.
  3. ↑ Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW (Apr 2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial". BMJ. 330 (7494): 750. doi:10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82. PMC   555873 . PMID   15757960.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Yunfu Lv, Wan Yee Lau, Haiying Wu, Shunwu Chang, NingLiu, Yejuan Li, Jie Deng (2015). "Etiological Causes of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Dilatation" (PDF). International Journal of New Technology and Research. 1 (8).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ van Breda Vriesman, Adriaan C.; Engelbrecht, Marc R.; Smithuis, Robin H. M.; Puylaert, Julien B. C. M. (2007). "Diffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening: Differential Diagnosis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (2): 495–501. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1712. ISSN   0361-803X. PMID   17242260.
  6. ↑ Page 256 in Neil Kaplowitz (1996). Liver and Biliary Diseases. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9780683045451.
  7. ↑ Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (2007). "Cardiothoracic ratio within the "normal" range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart. 93 (4): 491–494. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238. ISSN   1355-6037. PMC   1861494 . PMID   17164481.
  8. ↑ Tracy, Richard Everett (2011). "Association of Cardiomegaly with Coronary Artery Histopathology and its Relationship to Atheroma". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 18 (1): 32–41. doi: 10.5551/jat.5090 . ISSN   1880-3873. PMID   20953090.
  9. ↑ Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". J Vis Exp (41). doi:10.3791/1931. PMC   3149991 . PMID   20689513.
  10. ↑ Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014). "Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis". Insights into Imaging. 5 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y. ISSN   1869-4101. PMC   3999365 . PMID   24407923.
  11. ↑ Yuranga Weerakkody; Henry Knipe; et al. "Kidneys". Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  12. 1 2 3 Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J.M. (2012). "Normal Organ Weights in Men". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 33 (4): 368–372. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad. ISSN   0195-7910. PMID   22182984. S2CID   32174574.
  13. 1 2 3 Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J. M. (2015). "Normal Organ Weights in Women". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 36 (3): 182–187. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175. ISSN   0195-7910. PMID   26108038. S2CID   25319215.
  14. ↑ Vermelho, Marli Batista Fernandes; Correia, Ademir Silva; Michailowsky, Tânia Cibele de Almeida; Suzart, Elizete Kazumi Kuniyoshi; Ibanês, Aline Santos; Almeida, Lanamar Aparecida; Khoury, Zarifa; Barba, Mário Flores (2015). "Abdominal alterations in disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis: computed tomography findings". Radiologia Brasileira. 48 (2): 81–85. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0025. ISSN   0100-3984. PMC   4433296 . PMID   25987748.
  15. ↑ Ganeshalingam, Skandadas; Koh, Dow-Mu (2009). "Nodal staging". Cancer Imaging. 9 (1): 104–11. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0017. ISSN   1470-7330. PMC   2821588 . PMID   20080453.
  16. ↑ Schmidt Júnior, Aurelino Fernandes; Rodrigues, Olavo Ribeiro; Matheus, Roberto Storte; Kim, Jorge Du Ub; Jatene, Fábio Biscegli (2007). "Distribuição, tamanho e número dos linfonodos mediastinais: definições por meio de estudo anatômico". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 33 (2): 134–140. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132007000200006 . ISSN   1806-3713. PMID   17724531.
  17. ↑ Page 189 in: V. D'Addario (2014). Donald School Basic Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN   9789351523376.
  18. ↑ Page 78 in: Justin Bowra, Russell E (2011). Emergency Ultrasound Made Easy, Edition 2. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780702048722.
  19. ↑ Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Ytte L (1993). "Sonographic evaluation of renal appearance in 665 adult volunteers. Correlation with age and obesity". Acta Radiol. 34 (5): 482–5. doi:10.3109/02841859309175388. PMID   8369185.
  20. ↑ Frank Gaillard; et al. "Pulmonary hypertension". Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  21. 1 2 Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  22. ↑ Gazelle, G S; Goldberg, M A; Wittenberg, J; Halpern, E F; Pinkney, L; Mueller, P R (1994). "Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 (1): 43–47. doi: 10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273687 . ISSN   0361-803X. PMID   8273687.
  23. 1 2 3 Kuang, Lian-qin; Zhao, Da-wei; Cheng, Cheng; Wang, Yi (2016). "Prediction of Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Bezoars Using Risk Factor Categories on Multidetector Computed Tomographic Findings". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2016/6569103 . ISSN   2314-6133. PMC   4925944 . PMID   27403434.
  24. ↑ "Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern". radiologymasterclass.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  25. ↑ Pérez, M. A.; Affatato, Saverio; Zanini, Filippo; Carmignato, Simone (2017). "Micro X-Ray Computed Tomography Mass Loss Assessment of Different UHMWPE: A Hip Joint Simulator Study on Standard vs. Cross-Linked Polyethylene". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0170263. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270263A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170263 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5249200 . PMID   28107468.
  26. ↑ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-03-07. Updated: Sep 22, 2016
  27. 1 2 3 Neetu Radhakrishnan (2018-07-25). "Splenomegaly". Medscape . Updated Apr. 2012 (referring the classification system to Poulin et al.
  28. ↑ Page 1964 in: Florian Lang (2009). Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9783540671367.
  29. ↑ Saboo, S S; Krajewski, K M; O'Regan, K N; Giardino, A; Brown, J R; Ramaiya, N; Jagannathan, J P (2012). "Spleen in haematological malignancies: spectrum of imaging findings". The British Journal of Radiology. 85 (1009): 81–92. doi:10.1259/bjr/31542964. ISSN   0007-1285. PMC   3473934 . PMID   22096219.
  30. 1 2 Bret P Nelson (2015-10-01). "Thoracic Aneurysm". Medscape . Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Wolak, Arik; Gransar, Heidi; Thomson, Louise E.J.; Friedman, John D.; Hachamovitch, Rory; Gutstein, Ariel; Shaw, Leslee J.; Polk, Donna; Wong, Nathan D.; Saouaf, Rola; Hayes, Sean W.; Rozanski, Alan; Slomka, Piotr J.; Germano, Guido; Berman, Daniel S. (2008). "Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography: Normal Limits by Age, Gender, and Body Surface Area". JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 1 (2): 200–209. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.11.005 . ISSN   1936-878X. PMID   19356429.
  32. ↑ Cho, In-Jeong; Jang, Sung-Yeol; Chang, Hyuk-Jae; Shin, Sanghoon; Shim, Chi Young; Hong, Geu-Ru; Chung, Namsik (2014). "Aortic Aneurysm Screening in a High-Risk Population: A Non-Contrast Computed Tomography Study in Korean Males with Hypertension". Korean Circulation Journal. 44 (3): 162–9. doi:10.4070/kcj.2014.44.3.162. ISSN   1738-5520. PMC   4037638 . PMID   24876857.
  33. ↑ Page 559 in: John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak (2012). Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography (6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9781455737666.
  34. ↑ Michaels, L. (1987). "Normal Anatomy, Histology; Inflammatory Diseases". Ear, Nose and Throat Histopathology. pp. 265–272. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3332-2_26. ISBN   978-1-4471-3334-6.
  35. ↑ "Enlarged ureter". Greifswald Medical School . 2015-12-18. Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  36. ↑ Page 140 in: Mitchell E. Tublin (2015). Diagnostic Imaging: Genitourinary E-Book. Edition 3. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9780323400428.
  37. ↑ Page 12 in: Uday Patel (2010). Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9781848828360.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.