| Osmia spinulosa | |
|---|---|
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| Spined Mason Bee (Osmia spinulosa), Freising, Germany, June 2021 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | Osmia |
| Species: | O. spinulosa |
| Binomial name | |
| Osmia spinulosa (Kirby, 1802) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
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Osmia spinulosa, also known as the spined mason bee, is a species of bees within the genus Osmia. [2] [1]
7–8 mm. Males: Tergite 15 with terminal ligaments, Tergite 7 with a thorn. To be recognized in the field with experience. Females: Tergites 1-6 with terminal ligaments. Scutellum laterally with a pointed thorn each. Tibial spur red. [3]
Osmia spinulosa is distributed from the Spanish foothills of the Pyrenees (Girona) across Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus and western Central Asia to the Central Siberian mountains (Tomsk, Kemerovo, Altai Republic); north to South Wales and Central England, in Scandinavia to 60 ° N in Norway and Sweden, in Russia to Kirov and Perm; south to Sicily and southern Bulgaria. Detected from all federal states in Germany with the exception of Schleswig-Holstein. [4] Widespread in Germany, but only sporadically in the North German lowlands. Moderately frequent, especially in the hill country and in the limestone low mountain ranges. In the Alps up to 2000 m. [3] Reported in Austria from all federal states. Currently in Switzerland, partly also historically from the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Valais, Graubünden and St. Gallen, only historically from the canton of Vaud. [4]
Mainly settlements with focus on dry, warm habitats on calcareous subsoil. It occurs on inland dunes and drifting sand fields, weathering heaps, disused quarries, fallow sheep pastures (juniper heaths), warm forest fringes, structurally rich, old fallow vineyards, uneven meadows, rarely dry and warm ruderal areas. [3]
Osmia spinulosa is an univoltin species. It flies from early June to mid-August and is wintering as a resting larva (?) in a snail shell. [3]
Osmia spinulosa is an oligolectic species specializing in Asteraceae . A preference for certain species is not discernible. Pollen sources are Anthemis tinctoria, Anthemis arvensis, Inula hirta, Inula salicina, Inula ensifolia, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Pulicaria dysenterica, Aster amellus, Senecio jacobaea, Echinops spaerocephalus, Cirsium vulgare, Cirsium arvense, Carduus crisous, Cichorium intybus, Picris hieracioides, Leontodon autumnalis, Hieracium pilosella . Telekia speciosa and Calendula officinalis are also used in the Munich Botanical Garden. Buphthalmum is of great importance as a source of pollen in the limestone mountains. The females do not visit the same flowers all the time; during one flight they regularly visit up to four different asteraceae (e.g. Hieracium / Centaurea / Anthemis / Echinops ). The plant species mentioned can also serve as sources of nectar. [3]
This bee nests in empty smaller snail shells like Helicella itala and Helicella obvia , Cepaea nemoralis, Zebrina detrita and Futicicola fruticum , once also found in a small shell of Helix pomatia . The building material used is chewed plant parts (plant mortar) from the edges of the leaves of Sanguisorba minor and Potentilla reptans and not, as previously suspected due to a misinterpretation, hare or sheep dung. [3] In contrast to other snail shell nests, the surface of the snail shell is not covered with vegetable mortar. After completing the nest, the bee turns the entrance of the snail shell downwards so that the opening points downwards. [4]
Stelis odontopyga is a cuckoo bee parasiting Osmia spinulosa. [3] Other known parasites are Stelis phaeoptera, Chrysura cuprea, Chrysura dichroa and Chrysura trimaculata , as well as Melittobia acasta, Pteromalus apum and Pteromalus venustus . Anthrax aethiops became known as a further breeding parasite. [4]
Diminutive from Latin "spinosa" = "thorny, prickly"; because of the thorny scutellum. [4]
Subgenus Hoplosmia THOMSON, 1872. [4]
Megachilidae is a cosmopolitan family of mostly solitary bees. Characteristic traits of this family are the restriction of their pollen-carrying structure to the ventral surface of the abdomen, and their typically elongated labrum. Megachilid genera are most commonly known as mason bees and leafcutter bees, reflecting the materials from which they build their nest cells ; a few collect plant or animal hairs and fibers, and are called carder bees, while others use plant resins in nest construction and are correspondingly called resin bees. All species feed on nectar and pollen, but a few are kleptoparasites, feeding on pollen collected by other megachilid bees. Parasitic species do not possess scopae. The motion of Megachilidae in the reproductive structures of flowers is energetic and swimming-like; this agitation releases large amounts of pollen.
Mason bee is a name now commonly used for species of bees in the genus Osmia, of the family Megachilidae. Mason bees are named for their habit of using mud or other "masonry" products in constructing their nests, which are made in naturally occurring gaps such as between cracks in stones or other small dark cavities. When available, some species preferentially use hollow stems or holes in wood made by wood-boring insects.
Osmia lignaria, commonly known as the orchard mason bee or blue orchard bee, is a megachilid bee that makes nests in natural holes and reeds, creating individual cells for its brood that are separated by mud dividers. Unlike carpenter bees, it cannot drill holes in wood. O. lignaria is a common species used for early spring fruit bloom in the United States and Canada, though a number of other Osmia species are cultured for use in pollination.
The early bumblebee or early-nesting bumblebee is a small bumblebee with a wide distribution in most of Europe and parts of Asia. It is very commonly found in the UK and emerges to begin its colony cycle as soon as February which is earlier than most other species, hence its common name. There is even some evidence that the early bumblebee may be able to go through two colony cycles in a year. Like other bumblebees, Bombus pratorum lives in colonies with queen and worker castes. Bombus pratorum queens use aggressive behavior rather than pheromones to maintain dominance over the workers!
Osmia bicornis is a species of mason bee, and is known as the red mason bee due to its covering of dense gingery hair. It is a solitary bee that nests in holes or stems and is polylectic, meaning it forages pollen from various different flowering plants. These bees can be seen aggregating together and nests in preexisting hollows, choosing not to excavate their own. These bees are not aggressive; they will only sting if handled very roughly and are safe to be closely observed by children. Females only mate once, usually with closely related males. Further, females can determine the sex ratio of their offspring based on their body size, where larger females will invest more in diploid females eggs than small bees. These bees also have trichromatic colour vision and are important pollinators in agriculture.
Osmia cornuta, the European orchard bee, is a species of bee in the genus Osmia.
Osmia bicolor, the two-coloured mason-bee, is a Palearctic species of bee in the genus Osmia. It is outstanding amongst other megachilid bees in that it nests in empty snail shells.
The 10th edition of Systema Naturae is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum.
Anthidium oblongatum, the oblong woolcarder bee, is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.
Lasioglossum leucozonium, also known as Lasioglossum similis, is a widespread solitary sweat bee found in North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of northern Africa. While now a common bee in North America, population genetic analysis has shown that it is actually an introduced species in this region. This population was most likely founded by a single female bee.
Colletes succinctus, the common colletes or heather colletes, is a species of Palearctic mining bee from the family Colletidae. It is part of the succinctus species group within the genus Colletes and is especially closely related to the ivy bee and the sea aster mining bee which are partially sympatric with C. succinctus but ecologically separate.
Andrena scotica, the chocolate mining bee or hawthorn bee, is a species of mining bee from the family Andrenidae. It occurs in western Europe and is one of the most frequently encountered mining bees found in Great Britain, where it had been previously misidentified as Andrena carantonica.
Colletes similis is a species of plasterer bee belonging to the family Colletidae, subfamily Colletinae.
Hylaeus communis is a Palearctic species of solitary bee.
Osmia aurulenta is a Palearctic species of mason bee.
Tetralonia malvae, also known as the Mallow longhorn, is a species of insect belonging to the family Apidae. The bee takes pollen from oligolectic sources on the mallow family (Malvaceae).
Anthophora bimaculata is a species of bees.
Tetraloniella dentata is a species of bees within the genus Tetraloniella.
Chrysura hirsuta, also known as the Northern Osmia ruby-tailed wasp, is a species of parasitic cuckoo wasp within the family Chrysididae.
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