Cirsium vulgare

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Cirsium vulgare
Mooie bloeiwijze van een Speerdistel (Cirsium vulgare) 03.jpg
Plant in flower, Joure, Netherlands
20160729Cirsium vulgare5.jpg
Seedhead
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Cirsium
Species:
C. vulgare
Binomial name
Cirsium vulgare
Subspecies and varieties [1]
  • Cirsium vulgare subsp. crinitum(Boiss. ex DC.) Arènes
  • Cirsium vulgare var. litoraleP.D.Sell
  • Cirsium vulgare subsp. silvaticum(Tausch) Arènes
  • Cirsium vulgare subsp. vulgare
Synonyms [2]
Synonymy
  • Ascalea lanceataHill
  • Ascalea lanceolata(L.) Hill
  • Carduus divaricatusGllib.
  • Carduus firmusSteud.
  • Carduus lanceolatusL.
  • Carduus vulgarisSavi
  • Chamaepeuce firmaDC.
  • Cirsium abyssinicumSch.Bip. ex A.Rich.
  • Cirsium auriculatumCamus ex Beleze
  • Cirsium balearicumWillk.
  • Cirsium britannicumScop.
  • Cirsium dubiumLojac.
  • Cirsium firmum(C.Presl) Arcang.
  • Cirsium fraternumDC.
  • Cirsium lanceolatum(L.) Scop.
  • Cirsium lanigerumNägeli
  • Cirsium leucanicumLojac.
  • Cirsium linkiiNyman
  • Cirsium longespinosumTod. ex Nyman
  • Cirsium microcephalumLange
  • Cirsium mielichhoferiSaut.
  • Cirsium misilmerenseCes., Pass. & Gibelli
  • Cirsium nemoraleRchb.
  • Cirsium spuriumDelastre
  • Cirsium strigosum(Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout.
  • Cnicus firmusJ.Presl & C.Presl
  • Cnicus lanceolatus(L.) Willd.
  • Cnicus misilmerensisTineo ex Ces., Pass. & Gibelli
  • Cnicus strigosusHoffmanns. & Link
  • Cynara lanceataStokes
  • Eriolepis lanceolata(L.) Cass.
  • Lophiolepis dubiaCass.
  • Cirsium atticumSch.Bip. ex Nyman
  • Cirsium balearicum(Willk.) Porta
  • Cirsium crinitumBoiss. ex DC.
  • Carduus nemoralisE.H.L.Krause
  • Cirsium silvaticumTausch

Cirsium vulgare, the spear thistle, bull thistle, or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium , native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia (east to the Yenisei Valley), and northwestern Africa (Atlas Mountains). [3] [4] [5] [6] It is also naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia and is an invasive weed in several regions. [7] [8] [9] It is the national flower of Scotland.

Contents

The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. [10] Marsh thistle, Cirsium palustre , was ranked in first place while this thistle was ranked in sixth place. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2300 ± 400 μg). [11]

Description

It is a tall biennial or short-lived monocarpic thistle, forming a rosette of leaves and a taproot up to 70 cm (28 in) long in the first year, and a flowering stem 1–1.5 m (3 ft 4 in - 4 ft 11 in) tall in the second (rarely third or fourth) year. It can grow up to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall. [12] It sometimes will function as an annual, flowering in the first year. The stem is winged, with numerous longitudinal spine-tipped wings along its full length. The leaves are stoutly spined, grey-green, deeply lobed; the basal leaves grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long, [12] with smaller leaves on the upper part of the flower stem; the leaf lobes are spear-shaped (from which the English name derives). The inflorescence is 2.5–5 centimetres (0.98–1.97 in) diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The seeds are 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long, with a downy pappus, which assists in wind dispersal. As in other species of Cirsium (but unlike species in the related genus Carduus ), the pappus hairs are feathery with fine side hairs. [13] [14]

Ecology

Spear thistle is often a ruderal species, colonising bare disturbed ground, but also persists well on heavily grazed land as it is unpalatable to most grazing animals. [14] Nitrogen-rich soils help increase its proliferation. [15] The flowers are a rich nectar source used by numerous pollinating insects, including honey bees, wool-carder bees, and many butterflies. [16] The seeds are eaten by goldfinches, linnets and greenfinches. [17] The seeds are dispersed by wind, mud, water, and possibly also by ants; they do not show significant long-term dormancy, most germinating soon after dispersal and only a few lasting up to four years in the soil seed bank. [18] Seed is also often spread by human activity such as hay bales. [14]

Weed status

Spear thistle is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK Weeds Act 1959, [19] and a noxious weed in Australia [18] [20] [21] and in nine US states. [22] Spread is only by seed, not by root fragments as in the related creeping thistle C. arvense. It is best cleared from land by hoeing and deep cutting of the taproot before seeds mature; regular cultivation also prevents its establishment. [14]

Despite this label, the plant has beneficial qualities beyond its very high nectar production. It produces seeds eaten by the American goldfinch, down from seed pods that is used by those birds for nesting material. However, despite this serving generalist pollinators and animals, it is highly recommended to plant native thistles and other plants as it can wreak havoc on natural ecosystems.

Other names

Common names include bull thistle, [14] [23] Scots, Scottish, or Scotch thistle, and common thistle. [23]

Uses

The stems can be peeled (removing their spiny surfaces) and then steamed or boiled. [12] The tap roots can be eaten raw or cooked, but are only palatable on young thistles that have not yet flowered. [24] The dried florets steeped in water are used in rural Italy for curdling goats' milk in preparation for making cheese.[ citation needed ]

In culture

The plant features in some Scottish ceremonies such as the "Riding of the Marches", held annually in Langholm in July. The 1992 specimen measured six feet in length. [25]

Spear thistle is also the emblem of Newton Regis in England. [25]

Related Research Articles

<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i> Flowering plant, daisy family Asteraceae

Jacobaea vulgaris, syn. Senecio jacobaea, is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.

<i>Cirsium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Cirsium is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more precisely known as plume thistles. These differ from other thistle genera in having a seed with a pappus of feathered hairs on their achenes. The other genera have a pappus of simple unbranched hairs.

<i>Onopordum acanthium</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Onopordum acanthium is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe and Western Asia from the Iberian Peninsula east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia, and widely naturalised elsewhere, with especially large populations present in the United States and Australia. It is a vigorous biennial plant with coarse, spiny leaves and conspicuous spiny-winged stems.

<i>Leucanthemum vulgare</i> Species of flowering plant

Leucanthemum vulgare, commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy, marguerite and other common names, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand.

<i>Cirsium palustre</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Cirsium palustre, the marsh thistle or European swamp thistle, is a herbaceous biennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Glebionis segetum</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Glebionis segetum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, probably native only to the eastern Mediterranean region but now naturalized in western and northern Europe as well as China and parts of North America. Common names include corn marigold and corn daisy.

<i>Hypochaeris radicata</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae

Hypochaeris radicata – also known as catsear, flatweed, cat's-ear, hairy cat's ear, or false dandelion – is a perennial, low-lying edible herb often found in lawns. The plant is native to Europe, but has also been introduced to the Americas, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, where it can be an invasive weed. It is listed as a noxious weed in the northwestern U.S. state of Washington.

<i>Onopordum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Onopordum, or cottonthistle, is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. They are native to southern Europe, northern Africa, the Canary Islands, the Caucasus, and southwest and central Asia. They grow on disturbed land, roadsides, arable land and pastures.

<i>Cirsium arvense</i> Species of flowering plant

Cirsium arvense is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and western Asia, northern Africa and widely introduced elsewhere. The standard English name in its native area is creeping thistle. It is also commonly known as Canada thistle and field thistle.

<i>Coreopsis lanceolata</i> Species of flowering plant

Coreopsis lanceolata, commonly known as lanceleaf coreopsis, lanceleaf tickseed, lance-leaved coreopsis, or sand coreopsis, is a North American species of tickseed in the family Asteraceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thistle</span> Common name of a group of flowering plants

Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterized by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the plant – on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. These prickles protect the plant from herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's flower heads. The typically feathery pappus of a ripe thistle flower is known as thistle-down.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noxious weed</span> Harmful or invasive weed

A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is injurious to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or livestock. Most noxious weeds have been introduced into an ecosystem by ignorance, mismanagement, or accident. Some noxious weeds are native. Typically they are plants that grow aggressively, multiply quickly without natural controls, and display adverse effects through contact or ingestion. Noxious weeds are a large problem in many parts of the world, greatly affecting areas of agriculture, forest management, nature reserves, parks and other open space.

<i>Cirsium eriophorum</i> Species of plant

Cirsium eriophorum, the woolly thistle, is a herbaceous biennial species of flowering plant in the genus Cirsium of the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Europe. It is a large biennial plant with sharp spines on the tips of the leaves, and long, woolly hairs on much of the foliage. The flower heads are large and nearly spherical, with spines on the outside and many purple disc florets but no ray florets.

<i>Cirsium occidentale</i> Species of thistle

Cirsium occidentale, with the common name cobweb thistle or cobwebby thistle, is a North American species of thistle in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Cirsium discolor</i> Species of thistle

Cirsium discolor, the field thistle, is a North American species of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. It is native to thirty-three states in the United States as well four Canadian provinces. It occurs across much of eastern and central Canada as well as eastern and central United States. It has been found from New Brunswick west to Saskatchewan and south as far as Texas and Georgia.

<i>Cirsium muticum</i> Species of thistle

Cirsium muticum, also known as swamp thistle, marsh thistle, dunce-nettle, or horsetops, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae, native to central and eastern Canada and the central and eastern United States.

<i>Cirsium altissimum</i> Species of plant

Cirsium altissimum is a North American species of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. Common names are tall thistle or roadside thistle. The species is native to the eastern and Central United States.

<i>Cirsium horridulum</i> Species of thistle

Cirsium horridulum, called bristly thistle, purple thistle, or yellow thistle is a North American species of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. It is an annual or biennial. The species is native to the eastern and southern United States from New England to Florida, Texas, and Oklahoma as well as to Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Bahamas.

<i>Cirsium texanum</i> Species of thistle

Cirsium texanum is a species of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae found in North America. Common names include Texas thistle, Texas purple thistle or southern thistle. The species is native to northern Mexico and the southern Great Plains of the south-central United States. It grows in prairies and roadsides.

<i>Leontodon hispidus</i> Species of flowering plant

Leontodon hispidus is a species of hawkbit known by the common names bristly hawkbit and rough hawkbit. It is native to Europe but can be found throughout North America as an introduced species.

References

  1. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  2. The Plant List, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
  3. Flora Europaea: Cirsium vulgare
  4. Den Virtuella Floran: Cirsium vulgare (in Swedish, with maps)
  5. Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo asinino, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
  6. Flora of China, 翼蓟 yi ji, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
  7. Flora of North America, Bull or common or spear thistle, gros chardon, chardon vulgaire ou lancéolé, piqueux, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
  8. Atlas of Living Australia, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Black Thistle
  9. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute, African Plant Database, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
  10. "Which flowers are the best source of nectar?". Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  11. Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016). "Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0158117. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158117H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158117 . PMC   4920406 . PMID   27341588.
  12. 1 2 3 Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 115. ISBN   978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC   244766414.
  13. Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN   0-340-40170-2
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Bond, W., Davies, G., & Turner, R. J. (2007). The biology and non-chemical control Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare). Archived 7 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine 6pp. HDRA the organic organisation. 2006 Version
  15. "Bull thistle". Colorado Weed Management Association. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  16. "Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten". Department of Environment and Conservation. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  17. "Spear thistle – Cirsium vulgare". Natural England. The Plant Press. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  18. 1 2 "Spear thistle". Weed Australia. Australian Weeds Committee National Initiative. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  19. Defra, UK – Farming – Wildlife and plants Ragwort and injurious weeds Archived 30 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  20. "Spear Thistle". Department of Primary Industries. Victorian Government. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  21. "Declared Plant Policy" (PDF). Primary Industries and Resources SA. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  22. "USDA PLANTS Profile for Cirsium vulgare". USDA Plant Database. USDA. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  23. 1 2 "Cirsium vulgare". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  24. "Cirsium". Survival and Self Sufficiency. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  25. 1 2 Mabey R. (1996). Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN   1-85619-377-2.