Ostia Synagogue | |
---|---|
Religion | |
Affiliation | Judaism (former) |
Ecclesiastical or organisational status |
|
Status | Ruins |
Location | |
Location | Ancient Ostia, Imperial Rome, Lazio |
Country | Italy |
Location of the former synagogue in modern-day Lazio | |
Geographic coordinates | 41°44′56″N12°17′19″E / 41.74889°N 12.28861°E |
Architecture | |
Type | Synagogue architecture |
Completed | 1st century |
Direction of façade | Southeast (towards Jerusalem) |
Website | |
ostiaantica | |
The Ostia Synagogue is an ancient former Jewish synagogue and archaeological site, located in ancient Ostia, the seaport of Imperial Rome, in modern-day Lazio, in Italy. It is one of the oldest synagogues in the world, the oldest synagogue in Europe and the oldest mainstream Jewish synagogue yet uncovered outside the Land of Israel. The synagogue building dates from the reign of Claudius (41-54 AD) and continued in use as a synagogue into the 5th century AD. [1] [2]
There is a scholarly debate about the status of the synagogue building in the 1st century AD, with some maintaining that the building began as a house only later converted to use as a synagogue, and others arguing that it was in use as a synagogue from the 1st century. [3]
In its earliest form, the synagogue featured a main hall with benches along three walls; a propylaeum or monumental gateway featuring four marble columns; and a triclinium or dining room with couches along three walls. There was a water well and basin near the entryway for ritual washings. The main door of the synagogue faces the southeast, towards Jerusalem. [1]
An aedicula, to serve as a Torah Ark, was added in the 4th century AD. A donor inscription implies that it replaced an earlier wooden platform donated in the 2nd century AD, which itself had been replaced by a newer Ark donated by one Mindus Faustus in the 3rd century AD. [1]
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans. It has a place for prayer where Jews attend religious services or special ceremonies such as weddings, bar and bat mitzvahs, choir performances, and children's plays. They also have rooms for study, social halls, administrative and charitable offices, classrooms for religious and Hebrew studies, and many places to sit and congregate. They often display commemorative, historic, or modern artwork alongside items of Jewish historical significance or history about the synagogue itself.
Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and to an even greater extent under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly Roman concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today.
Ostia Antica is an ancient Roman city and the port of Rome located at the mouth of the Tiber. It is near modern Ostia, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Rome. Due to silting and the invasion of sand, the site now lies 3 km (2 mi) from the sea. The name Ostia derives from Latin os 'mouth'.
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A Torah ark is an ornamental chamber in the synagogue that houses the Torah scrolls.
Synagogue architecture often follows styles in vogue at the place and time of construction. There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. According to tradition, the Shekhinah or divine presence can be found wherever there is a minyan, a quorum, of ten. A synagogue always contains an Torah ark where the Torah scrolls are kept, called the aron qodesh by Ashkenazi Jews and the hekhal by Sephardic Jews.
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The Maon Synagogue is a 6th-century former Jewish synagogue and archaeological site, located in the western Negev desert, near Kibbutz Nirim and Kibbutz Nir Oz, in Israel. The former synagogue is noted for its "magnificent" mosaic floor.
The Bova Marina Synagogue is a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, that was located in Bova Marina, Calabria, Italy. It is the second oldest synagogue discovered in Italy and one of the oldest in Europe, dating from the 4th century CE. The former site of the synagogue has been an archaeological site since 1983.
The Eshtemoa Synagogue is a former ancient Jewish synagogue and archeological site, located 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Hebron in as-Samu, West Bank, in the State of Palestine. The remains of the ancient Palestinian synagogue date from around the 4th–5th century CE.
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Ancient Jewish art, is art created by Jews in both the Land of Israel and in the Diaspora prior to the Middle Ages. It features symbolic or figurative motifs often influenced by biblical themes, religious symbols, and the dominant cultures of the time, including Egyptian, Hellenistic, and Roman art.
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