PG Era

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PG Era
Wwelogo.svg
WWE's logo continuation from when they transitioned to the TV-PG rating in 2008
Promotion World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
DateJuly 22, 2008 (2008-07-22) – disputed
WWF/WWE eras chronology
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Reality Era

The PG Era, also known as the Universe Era, [1] is an era of professional wrestling within World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE), which began on July 22, 2008 after its programming was labeled as TV-PG rating under the TV Parental Guidelines.

Contents

WWE instituted a number of changes as they began marketing to a younger audience, such as heavily scripting on-screen promos and toning down excessive violence, profanity and sexual content. The earlier parts of the era were defined by superhero-esque fan-favorites and one-dimensional villains. While WWE considers the era to have ended in either 2013 [2] or 2014 [3] in favor of a more reality-based era, some describe the PG Era as continuing longer since the 2008 changes remained in effect. [a] [b] The PG Era has received much criticism from the core American and Canadian fanbase due to its watered-down violence and family-friendly program and characters, but it has also been praised as a good business decision as it allowed John Cena, who was the biggest star of the company at the time, to expand the product worldwide into different markets like Africa, and Asia.

Background

Upon the launch of the TV Parental Guidelines in 1997, WWF (WWE was known as the World Wrestling Federation until May 2002) programming was rated TV-PG. Beginning with the January 18, 1999 episode, Raw shifted to a TV-14 rating amidst direct competition with World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) flagship show Nitro during the Monday Night War. It remained with that rating until early-June 2008. SmackDown has been rated TV-PG since its inception in 1999. [4]

John Cena, seen here with child fans, was the face of the company during the PG Era, despite being unpopular with some older fans CENATION2-T4.jpg
John Cena, seen here with child fans, was the face of the company during the PG Era, despite being unpopular with some older fans

WWE promoter Vince McMahon states that the Attitude Era of the late 1990s and early 2000s was the result of competition from WCW and forced the company to "go for the jugular". Due to WCW's demise in 2001, McMahon says that they "don't have to" appeal to viewers in the same way and that during the "far more scripted" PG Era, WWE could "give the audience what they want in a far more sophisticated way". [5] WWE says that the move to PG cut the "excess" of the Attitude Era and "ushered in a new era of refined and compelling storytelling". [6] John Cena was face of the company during this time, despite receiving a mixed reception from the audience. [6]

While WWE had been slowly moving towards a more family-friendly format before it, Vice News writes that this was accelerated after the Chris Benoit double murder and suicide in 2007. [7] Then-WWE CEO Linda McMahon described the transition away from TV-14 as a "cradle to the grave" approach to appeal to younger viewers and encourage brand loyalty. [8] Bryan Alvarez and Lance Storm of Wrestling Observer Newsletter attribute the move to TV-PG as a result of WWE appealing to sponsors, [9] which was confirmed by former WWE chief marketing officer Michelle Wilson. [10]

WWE officially announced the move to TV-PG on July 22, 2008. [11] The 2008 SummerSlam pay-per-view (PPV) was the first WWE PPV to carry the TV-PG rating. [12] To appeal to younger fans, WWE released the WWE Kids magazine in 2008, [13] and debuted the kid-friendly Saturday Morning Slam television program in 2012. [14] In 2013, WWE reported that their revenue had "nearly tripled" since the move to TV-PG, due to corporate partnerships from companies such as Mattel and Post Cereals. [10] However, the PG Era occurred during a time of gradually declining Nielsen ratings, which had begun after the demise of WCW but accelerated after Raw went to a three-hour format in 2012. [15]

The PG Era's duration has been the subject of debate. On April 26, 2024, Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter wrote that, "it was said to us that the Rock interviews and Heyman promo are considered the official end of the PG era. This isn’t to say that the TV shows will be changing . . . but the attempts to keep things PG in the big picture which had been a big thing to the point of the memo being sent out about it several weeks back, such as in social media or in non-television shows, is now no longer the case". [16]

Changes in content

Chair shots to the head were banned in the PG Era Chairshot.jpg
Chair shots to the head were banned in the PG Era

As WWE reverted to a more family-friendly style, previous staples in their programming were altered or dropped. Use of profanity was toned down. [13] An example of this was when John Cena renamed his finishing maneuver from "FU" to "Attitude Adjustment" or the PPV event WWE One Night Stand changing the name to WWE Extreme Rules to avoid the sexual connotations. [17] [18] Sexual content involving female wrestlers was heavily toned down, with bra and panties matches being discontinued in 2008. [19] Excessive violence was also toned down. Chair shots to the head became increasingly rare after Chris Benoit's double murder suicide, [7] and were completely banned in 2010. [20] In 2011, following their match at WrestleMania XXVII, The Undertaker and Triple H were both fined for chair shots to the head, despite the match being well received by the fans. [21]

Also in April 2011, the company ceased going by its full name in reference to the wrestling promotion, strictly only using the "WWE" abbreviation, which became an orphaned initialism; the company's legal name, however, remains World Wrestling Entertainment.

From 2008 to the mid-2010s, former WWE head writer Brian Gewirtz stated that the restrictions placed on the writers made it feel as if it was "G Era" rather than the PG Era. [22] Amid declining ratings and the launch of rival promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in 2019, it was reported that WWE wanted to move on from PG-style content. [23] Vince McMahon acknowledged that the promotion would be "a bit edgier, but remain in the PG environment." He said the promotion had "graduated from ... gory crap" and was "a more sophisticated product." [24] ComicBook.com wrote in 2023 that "While WWE's weekly shows still have a TV-PG rating, they've since leaned back towards their product being accessible to all ages rather than being more kid-friendly." [22] However, Ian Carey of Wrestling Observer Newsletter writes that: "WWE's PG era is not coming to an end anytime soon." [25]

Major storylines and stars

WWE considers the PG Era to have ended in either 2013 [2] or 2014, [3] in favor of The Reality Era, although the exact duration of the era is disputed. Many sources continue to describe WWE as still being in the PG Era because most of their content is still rated TV-PG. [a] [b] For the purposes of this article, only events between 2008–2014 have been covered in the section.

John Cena (left) and The Rock (right) on the April 4, 2011 episode of Raw. They had an on and off cross-generational feud between 2011-2013 and main evented WWE's flagship events WrestleMania XXVIII and WrestleMania 29 consecutively. Rock and Cena shake hands.jpg
John Cena (left) and The Rock (right) on the April 4, 2011 episode of Raw . They had an on and off cross-generational feud between 2011–2013 and main evented WWE's flagship events WrestleMania XXVIII and WrestleMania 29 consecutively.

Bleacher Report states that "Perhaps the most distinguishable characteristic of WWE's PG Era was its reliance on superhero-esque babyfaces." [26] While John Cena was the biggest star in the company at that time, other major stars during that period included established holdovers (or returning performers) from prior WWE eras, including Chris Jericho, Randy Orton, [27] Rey Mysterio, [13] Batista, Edge, [27] Christian, and Jeff Hardy. The heroic characters were often placed against villains such as Dolph Ziggler, Jack Swagger, Mark Henry, Big Show, [26] and The Miz. [28] Older Attitude Era alumni like The Undertaker, Triple H, and Shawn Michaels continued to have prominent matches throughout this time, [29] and The Rock and Brock Lesnar returned to face Cena. [29] This era saw Batista's first departure in 2010, [30] and Shawn Michaels and Edge retired in 2010 and 2011 respectively. [27]

Paige and AJ Lee were two of the most prominent women in the later part of the PG Era AJ Challenges Paige.jpg
Paige and AJ Lee were two of the most prominent women in the later part of the PG Era

Women were not an integral part of the show and were treated as a sideshow during the early parts of the era, similar to how they were presented in the 1970s and '80s. However, AJ Lee and Paige were given greater prominence as time went on and paved the way for the "Divas Revolution" of 2015. [26]

CM Punk became one of the most popular stars of the era, despite his character being edgier than most seen during this time WWE Champion CM Punk.jpg
CM Punk became one of the most popular stars of the era, despite his character being edgier than most seen during this time

During the PG Era, Jeff Hardy won the WWE Championship for the first time at Armageddon 2008. [29] His subsequent 2009 feud with CM Punk was described as "shockingly real" given the PG Era, as Punk referenced Hardy's real-life drug addiction. Their rivalry culminated in a TLC match at SummerSlam, which Punk won, and Hardy subsequently left the company. [31] CM Punk became a "megastar" in the summer of 2011 during his feud with John Cena, [31] the pinnacle of which saw him defeat Cena for the WWE Championship at Money in the Bank and SummerSlam respectively in two well-received matches. [29] [32] Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awarded their match at Money in the Bank five stars out of five, the first WWE match since 1997 to receive such a rating. [33] Cena and Punk's match on the February 25, 2013 episode of Raw has also been named one of the greatest matches of all time. [34] [35] During his 2011 storyline with Cena, Punk delivered a worked shoot promo (known as "The Pipebomb"), with a style and tone far away from the typical PG content. [36] [37] [38] Bleacher Report writes: "Punk turned the company on its head for a few short years and gave fans a taste of what an alternative to the advertiser-obsessed promotion could look like." [26]

Future stars such as Alberto Del Rio, Daniel Bryan, Sheamus, Drew McIntyre, The Wyatt Family (Bray Wyatt, Luke Harper and Erick Rowan) and The Shield (Roman Reigns, Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins) all made their debuts during this time. [29] The ECW brand was discontinued in 2010 and replaced with NXT, which serves as a developmental brand for the company. [29] The Nexus (a stable initially started out by 7 original members of NXT) storyline was heavily featured between 2010–2011, with the decision for John Cena to dominate the entire stable throughout its existence being heavily panned by critics. [39] [40]

Brock Lesnar's match with John Cena at Extreme Rules 2012 was unusually violent for the PG Era Brock Lesnar and John Cena.jpg
Brock Lesnar's match with John Cena at Extreme Rules 2012 was unusually violent for the PG Era

Grantland columnist David Shoemaker writes that while the path towards the Reality Era began with CM Punk's "insurrection", Brock Lesnar brought "a new era of wrestling legitimacy" when he returned in 2012. [41] Lesnar's on-screen manager, Paul Heyman, referred to him as the "most non-PG ass kicker of the PG Era" [42] and the violence in his return match with Cena at Extreme Rules 2012 caused the PPV to receive a TV-14 rating on iTunes. [43] On the April 8, 2013 episode of Raw, fans vocally expressed their displeasure of John Cena defeating The Rock in their match at WrestleMania 29 on the previous night, demanding for a change. [44]

While WWE considers the Reality Era to have begun in 2014, [2] [3] Shoemaker writes that the Reality Era reached its apex with the ascension of Daniel Bryan that year, [45] but ComicBook.com considers the end of the PG Era to have happened when CM Punk left the company after Royal Rumble 2014, while Joe Nguyen of The Denver Post believes Seth Rollins' victory over Lesnar at WrestleMania 31 in 2015 ended the PG Era. [46] [29] It was during 2015 that John Cena slowly began to transition to a part-time role and WWE began to establish Roman Reigns as the new face of the company, which received polarizing reception from fans and critics. Fans heavily panned and criticized WWE's decision to have Reigns win the 2015 Royal rumble match on January 25, 2015. [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

Reception

The transition to family-friendly programming was widely discussed during Linda McMahon's 2010 Senate campaign Linda McMahon Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic.jpg
The transition to family-friendly programming was widely discussed during Linda McMahon's 2010 Senate campaign

The move to TV-PG programming has been singled out as one of WWE's most controversial decision amongst wrestling fans. [53] The PG Era has also received much criticism from fans due to its watered-down violence and family-friendly program and characters. [53] The transition to TV-PG caused some fans to support WWE's competitors, [54] with Pro Wrestling Torch writer James Caldwell commenting that WWE's programming resembled children's shows such as Barney & Friends or Blue's Clues when compared to their nearest competitor's at the time, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), which was promoting more adult-oriented content. [8] Former header writer Brian Gewirtz has stated that WWE's writers joked about "adding in muppet characters" because they felt the scripts were "ridiculous", [22] while Batista attributed his 2010 departure to the PG Era, stating that WWE was "in a bad moment" during that time. [30] Bryan Alvarez has been highly critical of WWE storylines throughout the period, but does not blame the TV-PG rating. Alvarez points out that much of the raunchy Attitude Era programming had a TV-PG rating, while viewership declined sharply after the Invasion storyline, which occurred while Raw had a TV-14 rating. [55]

Although noting that the move was unpopular with some fans, Chris Mueller of the Bleacher Report opined that it was the right thing to do given changing times, writing: "The world is more politically correct, parents are more cautious about what their kids are watching and advertisers are less willing to back controversial brands." Mueller praised the PG Era as a wise business decision because it made the promotion more appealing to corporate sponsors. [53] Shortly after the transition, Miami Herald writer Jim Varsallone said that the changes in programming were too subtle for casual fans to notice and that he did not get complaints from fans. [13] Gewirtz criticized the era as "jarring" due to there being not being a transition from the edgier Ruthless Aggression era, but stated that WWE "[gained] respectability again with the advertisers and Hollywood in general. It made it 'safe' for moms and dads to watch with their kids." [22]

Edge compared the PG Era favorably to the Attitude Era, stating that his matches were given more airtime during the PG Era as the latter was more "about the hijinks backstage" than in-ring action. [56] The Miz said that the limitations of the PG Era made them more creative, [28] while Triple H also defended it by emphasizing the importance of storylines over "special effects". [57] Meanwhile, Kurt Angle praised the era as being "good for wrestling" due to non-television reasons such as the health of the wrestlers. [58] Although John Cena sympathized with those who miss the adult-oriented content, citing his personal "adult sense of humor", he defended the PG era, calling it "more digestible": "[operating under] a PG platform, ... has totally globally expanded the WWE and created more fans ... around the world, and allowed all of these performers including myself to go to new and wonderful places". [59]

The transition to TV-PG became a subject of controversy during Linda McMahon's 2010 Senate campaign. US Senator Chris Dodd accused McMahon of trying to distance herself from professional wrestling, [19] while Superstar Billy Graham said that the move to kid-friendly programming was done so that she would be a more appealing candidate. [60] WWE denied these claims, stating that the 2008 transition to TV-PG occurred "long before McMahon announced her candidacy". [19]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Various sources have described the PG Era as being active past 2014, including: The Denver Post in 2015,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003C-QINU`"' Bleacher Report in 2018,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003D-QINU`"' Dave Meltzer and Súper Luchas in 2019,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003E-QINU`"' Fightful in 2020,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003F-QINU`"' and CinemaBlend in 2021.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000040-QINU`"'
  2. 1 2 On July 14, 2022, Andrew Zarian reported that Raw would begin airing with a TV-14 rating on the following episode. Zarian later reported that the deal had not been finalized. The initial report caused several sources to report that the PG Era had ended, including: Wrestling Observer Newsletter ,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000007-QINU`"' Pro Wrestling Dot Net,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000008-QINU`"' Screen Rant ,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000009-QINU`"' Súper Luchas ,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000A-QINU`"' MSN,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000B-QINU`"' and Comic Book Resources.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000C-QINU`"' The following month, an updated report from Wrestling Observer Newsletter stated that "WWE's PG era is not coming to an end anytime soon."'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000D-QINU`"'

References

  1. ↑ Bixenspan, David (October 29, 2013). "WWE 2K14: 15 Most Memorable Matches from 30 Years of WrestleMania Mode". Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 "What is your favorite WWE Era?". WWE . Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 "Triple H vows to end the "Yes!" Movement at WrestleMania: Raw, March 24, 2014". March 24, 2014 – via YouTube.
  4. ↑ Currier, Joseph. "Report: WWE 'Raw' Could Be Rated TV-14 for First Time Since 2008". Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  5. ↑ Robinson, Jon (May 12, 2015). WWE The Attitude Era. Penguin Books. p. 196. ISBN   9781465441386 – via Google Books.
  6. 1 2 Sullivan, Kevin (March 31, 2014). WWE 50. Penguin Books. p. 210. ISBN   9781465427762 – via Google Books.
  7. 1 2 Williams, Ian (August 5, 2020). "The Horrific Crime That Changed WWE Forever". Vice News . Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  8. 1 2 Caldwell, James (December 10, 2008). "WWE News: "From the cradle to the grave" - WWE describes strategy of hooking kids on TV product". Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 25, 2020.
  9. ↑ Alvarez, Bryan; Storm, Lance (July 16, 2019). 100 Things WWE Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die. Triumph Books. ISBN   9781641252201 – via Google Books.
  10. 1 2 Goldberg, Bruce. "WWE says PG format pays off with sponsors". SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  11. ↑ "WWE goes PG". WWE. July 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  12. ↑ Pantoja, Kevin (November 16, 2018). "Kevin's Random Reviews: WWE SummerSlam 2008". 411Mania . Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Bauder, David (October 14, 2009). "WWE now stressing family-style wrestling". Telegram & Gazette . Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  14. ↑ Graser, Marc (August 13, 2012). "WWE goes kid-friendly for CW Saturdays". Variety . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  15. ↑ Swartz, Jon. "Pile Driver: At age 76, Vince McMahon's finishing wrestling move is simple financial engineering". MarketWatch . Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  16. ↑ "WWE's PG Era Comes To An "Official End"". April 26, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  17. ↑ Powell, Jason (February 5, 2009). "John Cena says it was his call to change his finishing move name, predicts that three wrestlers will be WWE stars". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  18. ↑ Ocampo, Jorge (February 26, 2009). "¿Por qué WWE cambia el nombre del PPV "One Night Stand" a "Night of Extreme"?". Súper Luchas (in Spanish). Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 Keating, Christopher (November 18, 2009). "Former Wrestler Takes On Mcmahon". Hartford Courant . Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  20. ↑ Eck, Kevin (March 27, 2010). "WWE takes a stand on chair shots to the head". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  21. ↑ Eck, Kevin (April 6, 2011). "Triple H, The Undertaker fined for chair shot at WrestleMania XXVII". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Casey, Connor (August 15, 2023). "Former WWE Head Writer Brian Gewirtz Recalls Argument With Vince McMahon Over WWE's PG Era". ComicBook.com . Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  23. ↑ Indi, Rafael (July 23, 2019). "Dave Meltzer confirms that WWE wants to leave the PG era behind". Súper Luchas . Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Vince McMahon On WWE's Future: 'Not Going To Go Back To That Gory Crap'". WCBS-TV. July 25, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  25. ↑
  26. 1 2 3 4 Beaston, Erik (July 22, 2020). "The Legacy of WWE's 'PG Era' and What Comes Next 12 Years Later". Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  27. 1 2 3 Pitts, Lan (September 6, 2017). "Five Years Ago Today, Edge Retired On Raw". ComicBook.com. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  28. 1 2 Benigno, Anthony (December 18, 2010). "Mike Mizanin turns his 'Real World: Back to New York' alter ego 'The Miz' into a WWE champion". New York Daily News . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Casey, Connor (April 14, 2020). "10 Great WWE PG Era Matches to Watch During the Coronavirus Quarantine". ComicBook.com. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  30. 1 2 Beltrán, William (June 16, 2011). ""Me fui de la WWE porque sentía que no encajaba con su Era PG.": Batista". Súper Luchas (in Spanish). Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  31. 1 2 McCarrick, Michael (May 3, 2020). "Straight Edge Messiah: A Look Back at WWE's Most Underrated Character". Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  32. ↑ Powell, Jason (August 18, 2013). "WWE SummerSlam 2011 Flashback: C.M. Punk vs. John Cena for the WWE Championship with Triple H as special ref, Randy Orton vs. Christian for the World Hvt. Championship in a No Holds Barred match". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  33. ↑ Sitterson, Aubrey. "Straight Shoot: Was Taker Vs. HHH Better Than John Cena Vs. Punk?". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Greatest Matches in Raw History: John Cena vs CM Punk (2/25/13)". 16 June 2021.
  35. ↑ "CM Punk Says He's Most Proud of His 2013 WWE Raw Match with John Cena".
  36. ↑ "CM Punk | Superluchas- Parte 233". Súper Luchas . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  37. ↑ Nemer, Paul (August 1, 2011). "Raw Results - 8/1/11". WrestleView . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  38. ↑ Salgado, Sebastian (June 27, 2016). "A 5 años de la pipebomb de CM Punk – Cuando la realidad se mezcló con la ficción". Súper Luchas (in Spanish). Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  39. ↑ Sokol, Bryan (December 20, 2010). "TLC delivers highs, lows and a new champ". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
  40. ↑ Oz, Drake (January 16, 2013). "10 Ways John Cena Has Hurt the WWE Product". Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  41. ↑ Shoemaker, David (July 16, 2015). "The Lesnar Effect: How Brock Has Led WWE to a New Era of Wrestling Legitimacy". Grantland . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  42. ↑ Nemer, Paul (March 31, 2015). "WWE RAW Results - 3/30/15 (Night after WrestleMania 31)". WrestleView . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  43. ↑ Martin, Adam (May 30, 2012). "WWE Extreme Rules PPV carrying TV-14 rating". WrestleView . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  44. ↑ "411MANIA". Tremendous Tirades 4.08.13: WWE Monday Night Raw.
  45. ↑ Shoemaker, David (May 14, 2015). "Reality Bites: Daniel Bryan, Adam Rose, and Heartbreak in Pro Wrestling". Grantland . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  46. ↑
  47. ↑ Beaston, Erik. "Roman Reigns' Title Win Wraps Up Tumultuous Year for New Face of WWE". Bleacher Report.
  48. ↑ Shoemaker, David (October 28, 2015). "(W)WE Need a Hero: John Cena Is Gone. Who's Up Next?". Grantland . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  49. ↑ Oster, Aaron (January 24, 2015). "Previewing WWE Royal Rumble 2015". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  50. ↑ Wolf, Jacob. (August 16, 2016). "WWE's ongoing Roman Reigns problem". ABC News. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  51. ↑ "Historically Significant Disasters of Wrestling #58: Royal Rumble 2015". Cageside Seats. April 7, 2016.
  52. ↑ "411MANIA". Kevin’s Random Reviews: WWE Royal Rumble 2015.
  53. 1 2 3
  54. ↑ Desbordes, Michel; Richelieu, André (December 31, 2012). Global Sport Marketing: Contemporary Issues and Practice. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN   9780415507202 – via Google Books.
  55. ↑ Alvarez, Bryan (July 14, 2022). "Will WWE going back to TV-14 mean anything?: Wrestling Observer Live". Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022– via YouTube.
  56. ↑ Buchanan, Brett (November 12, 2014). "Interview: Adam 'Edge' Copeland Talks Pearl Jam, Foo Fighters, WWE Attitude Era & Haven". Alternative Nation. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  57. ↑ Shoemaker, David (August 23, 2013). "'Getting Ready for a Car Crash': An Interview With Triple H". Grantland . Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  58. ↑ Lambert, Jeremy (June 21, 2020). "Kurt Angle Believes The PG Era Is Good For Wrestling". Fightful. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  59. ↑ Schwartz, Nick (December 19, 2017). "John Cena opens up on why WWE won't go back to the Attitude Era and ditch the PG rating". USA Today . Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  60. ↑ Pratt, Gregory (March 31, 2011). "Superstar Billy Graham Made It Big in Wrestling – Now the Steroids That Got Him There May Be Killing Him". Phoenix New Times . Retrieved December 24, 2020.
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