Parasola auricoma

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Parasola auricoma
2011-10-29 Parasola auricoma (Pat.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple 178226.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Psathyrellaceae
Genus: Parasola
Species:
P. auricoma
Binomial name
Parasola auricoma
(Pat.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple (2001)
Synonyms [1]
  • Coprinus auricomusPat. (1886)
  • Coprinus hansenii J.E.Lange (1915)
  • Pseudocoprinus besseyi A.H.Sm. (1946)
  • Coprinus elongatipesA.H.Sm. & Hesler (1946)

Parasola auricoma is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described scientifically in 1886, the species is found in Europe, Japan, and North America. The mushroom was reported in February 2019 in Colombia, in the city of Bogota by the mycologist Juan Camilo Rodriguez Martinez. The small, umbrella-shaped fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus grow in grass or woodchips and are short-lived, usually collapsing with age in a few hours. The caps are up to 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, initially elliptical before flattening out, and colored reddish-brown to greyish, depending on their age and hydration. They are pleated with radial grooves extending from the center to the edge of the cap. The slender, whitish stems are up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long and a few millimeters thick. Microscopically, P. auricoma is characterized by the presence of setae (thick-walled bristles) in its cap cuticle. This characteristic, in addition to the relatively large, ellipsoid spores can be used to distinguish it from other morphologically similar Parasola species.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1886 by French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard as Coprinus auricomus. [2] It was transferred to Parasola in 2001 when molecular phylogenetics was used to sort the coprinoid genera (i.e., Coprinus and the segregate genera Coprinopsis , Coprinellus , and Parasola) into natural monophyletic groups. [3] According to the nomenclatural database MycoBank, Parasola hansenii, described by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1915 and named in honor of Danish mycologist Emil Christian Hansen, [4] is a facultative synonym (based on a different type). [5] Although this synonymy is accepted by several authorities, [6] [7] P.D. Orton and Roy Watling disagree, suggesting that C. hansenii is a forgotten species that requires reanalysis. [8]

In a 2010 study of the type material of several coprinoid taxa, Laszlo Nagy and colleagues assigned Patouillard's plate 453 (containing the original description) as the lectotype for P. auricoma, as they believed it to be "sufficiently diagnostic for a clear-cut definition of this taxon." [7] They also determined that Pseudocoprinus besseyi and Coprinus elongatipes (both species were described in a 1946 publication by Alexander H. Smith and Lexemuel Ray Hesler [9] ) were conspecific with P. auricoma. [7]

The placement of P. auricoma within Parasola is somewhat controversial. [10] It has often been classified in the section Auricomi, a grouping of species characterized by the absence of a veil, and the occasional presence of caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem), pileocystidia (cystidia on the cap surface), or dark setae-like elements. [11] [12] Several molecular phylogenetics studies have confirmed its inclusion in the Parasola clade, [13] [14] [15] but its relationship to other members of the group have not been fully resolved due to limited sampling. A recent analysis suggests that in the phylogenetic tree of Parasola, P. auricoma and P. conopilus form a tritomy with the crown Parasola species. [10]

Description

Mature gills are greyish brown to blackish. 2011-10-29 Parasola auricoma (Pat.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple 178231.jpg
Mature gills are greyish brown to blackish.

The fungus produces fruit bodies with caps that are initially egg-shaped with margins curled inward; as the cap expands, it becomes conical and eventually flat or slightly depressed in the center, ultimately reaching a diameter of 6 cm (2.4 in). The fruit bodies are hygrophanous, and so will change color depending on their state of hydration. When the fruit bodies are young and fresh, the caps are reddish brown and can glisten, especially if wet. As the mushroom matures, the outer edge of the cap turn a greyish color while the center remains reddish brown. Radial grooves extend from the center of the cap to the margins. [12] The caps have minute hairs (setae) that are visible through a hand lens. [16]

The gills are free from attachment to the stem, and have a width of 0.2–0.4 cm (0.08–0.16 in). They are initially whitish before turning greyish brown, and eventually become blackish with a dark margin as the spores mature. Unlike some other coprinoid mushrooms, the gills do not deliquesce—a process whereby the gills dissolve into an inky black mass as they release their spores. The whitish stem is up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long and 0.4 cm (0.16 in) thick, hollow, and fragile. [12] Young fruit bodies can have abundant, thick-walled hairs at the base of the stem, but these typically disappear as the mushroom matures. [7] The flesh is thin, fragile, yellowish to brownish, and lacks any appreciable odor or taste. The spore print is brownish-black. [12] The edibility of P. auricoma is not known with certainty, but the fruit bodies are small and insubstantial. [16]

The spores are ellipsoid, have a central germ pore, and measure 10–14 by 5.75–8  μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped and four-spored. The colorless pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) measure 70–140 by 20–45 μm, and are roughly elliptical to flask-shaped, while the similarly shaped cheilocystidia (found on the gill edge) measure 50–95 by 15–25 μm. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of all tissues of P. auricoma. The cap cuticle comprises a layer of club-shaped, thin-walled cells measuring 25–40 by 10–30 μm interspersed with long, dark, thick-walled setae. Yellowish-brown setae are plentiful on the cap surface, and consist of an elongated, hair-like segment up to 315 μm long, attached to the surface by a bulbous base that is 3–9 μm wide. [12]

Similar species

Parasola plicatilis 6204 crop.jpg
Parasola spec. - Lindsey 1a.jpg
Similar Parasola species, including P. plicatilis (left) and P. leiocephala (right), lack setae on the cap.

Several characters serve to help distinguish Parasola auricoma from similar coprinoid mushrooms that grow in woodchips, including a lack of deliquescence, and the lack of a veil. [17] Microscopically, it is characterized by the long, gold-pigmented, thick-walled setae on the cap, and ellipsoid spores with a germ pore. [18] The distinctly grooved and pleated cap margin indicates that it is allied with the coprinoid species and not with the genus Psathyrella. Similar Parasola species include the common and widespread P. plicatilis , [12] P. leiocephala , P. lilatincta , and P. kuehneri . Only microscopy will definitively separate these from P. auricoma—none of them have setae on the cap. [19] [20] [21]

Habitat and distribution

Parasola auricoma is a saprobic species, [22] and so obtains nutrients by breaking down organic matter into simpler molecules. The fruit bodies grow either singly or in groups, often in large numbers, at road sides in deciduous forests, or on grassy areas. [12] The mushrooms are short-lived, usually lasting only for a few hours before collapsing. [16] Common in Europe and North America (including Hawaii), [17] it has also been recorded from Japan. In Europe, fruit bodies appear most commonly in spring and summer months, [18] while in North America, fruiting is more common in the late summer and autumn, after rains. [16] The mushroom was reported in Bogotá, Colombia by Mycologist Juan Camilo Rodríguez Martínez.

Related Research Articles

<i>Coprinus</i> Genus of fungi

Coprinus is a small genus of mushroom-forming fungi consisting of Coprinus comatus—the shaggy ink cap (British) or shaggy mane (American)—and several of its close relatives. Until 2001, Coprinus was a large genus consisting of all agaric species in which the lamellae autodigested to release their spores. The black ink-like liquid this creates gave these species their common name "ink cap" (British) or "inky cap" (American).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psathyrellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Psathyrellaceae are a family of dark-spored agarics that generally have rather soft, fragile fruiting bodies, and are characterized by black, dark brown, rarely reddish, or even pastel-colored spore prints. About 50% of species produce fruiting bodies that dissolve into ink-like ooze when the spores are mature via autodigestion. Prior to phylogenetic research based upon DNA comparisons, most of the species that autodigested were classified as Coprinaceae, which contained all of the inky-cap mushrooms. However, the type species of Coprinus, Coprinus comatus, and a few other species, were found to be more closely related to Agaricaceae. The former genus Coprinus was split between two families, and the name "Coprinaceae" became a synonym of Agaricaceae in its 21st-century phylogenetic redefinition. Note that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the family name Agaricaceae had far broader application, while in the late 20th century it had a narrower application. The family name Psathyrellaceae is based on the former Coprinaceae subfamily name Psathyrelloideae. The type genus Psathyrella consists of species that produce fruiting bodies which do not liquify via autodigestion. Psathyrella remained a polyphyletic genus until it was split into several genera including 3 new ones in 2015. Lacrymaria is another genus that does not autodigest its fruiting bodies. It is characterized by rough basidiospores and lamellar edges that exude beads of clear liquid when in prime condition, hence the Latin reference, lacryma (tears).

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<i>Coprinellus</i> Genus of fungi

Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879. Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus.

<i>Parasola</i> Genus of fungi

Parasola is a genus of coprinoid mushrooms in the family Psathyrellaceae. These small frail fungi have translucent caps where the radiating gills look like the spokes of a parasol. In the past these mushrooms were classified under Coprinus, but unlike that genus there is no veil and the caps do not really turn to ink, but curl up and wither.

<i>Agaricus bernardii</i> Agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae

Agaricus bernardii, commonly called the salt-loving agaricus, or salt-loving mushroom, is an agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae. The mushroom's thick stem is usually shorter than the diameter of the cap, which ranges from 5–15 centimetres and is convex to flattened. The cap surface is whitish to buff, and can develop scales or warts in age. The gills are initially pink before turning brown when the spores mature. The flesh turns reddish when it is cut or bruised. It resembles species such as A. bitorquis.

<i>Coprinopsis lagopus</i> Species of fungus

Coprinopsis lagopus is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Until 2001, the species was known as Coprinus lagopus; advances in the understanding of phylogenetic relationships between the various coprinoid species led to a major reorganization of that genus. It is a delicate and short-lived fungus, the fruit bodies lasting only a few hours before dissolving into a black ink – a process called deliquescence. The vague resemblance of the young fruit body to the paw of a white rabbit has earned this species the common name harefoot mushroom.

<i>Tulosesus amphithallus</i> Species of fungus

Tulosesus amphithallus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Coprinellus micaceus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution

Coprinellus micaceus, commonly known as the mica cap, glistening inky cap, or shiny cap, is a common species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution. The fruit bodies of the saprobe typically grow in clusters on or near rotting hardwood tree stumps or underground tree roots. Depending on their stage of development, the tawny-brown mushroom caps may range in shape from oval to bell-shaped to convex, and reach diameters up to 3 cm. The caps, marked with fine radial or linear grooves that extend nearly to the center, rest atop whitish stipes up to 10 cm (4 in) long. In young specimens, the entire cap surface is coated with a fine layer of reflective mica-like cells. Although small and with thin flesh, the mushrooms are usually bountiful, as they typically grow in dense clusters. A few hours after collection, the gills will begin to slowly dissolve into a black, inky, spore-laden liquid—an enzymatic process called autodigestion or deliquescence. The fruit bodies are edible before the gills blacken and dissolve, and cooking will stop the autodigestion process.

Tulosesus subpurpureus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Marasmius rotula</i> Species of fungus

Marasmius rotula is a common species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, it is commonly known variously as the pinwheel mushroom, the pinwheel marasmius, the little wheel, the collared parachute, or the horse hair fungus. The type species of the genus Marasmius, M. rotula was first described scientifically in 1772 by mycologist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli and assigned its current name in 1838 by Elias Fries.

<i>Psilocybe makarorae</i> Species of fungus

Psilocybe makarorae is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Officially described as new to science in 1995, it is known only from New Zealand, where it grows on rotting wood and twigs of southern beeches. The fruit body (mushroom) has a brownish cap with lighter coloured margins, measuring up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) wide. The cap shape is either conical, bell-shaped, or flat depending on the age of the mushroom, and it features a prominent umbo. Although the whitish stem does not form a true ring, it retains remnants of the partial veil that covers and protects the gills of young fruit bodies. P. makarorae mushrooms can be distinguished from the similar North American species Psilocybe caerulipes by microscopic characteristics such as the presence of cystidia on the gill faces (pleurocystidia), and cheilocystidia with more elongated necks. Based on the bluing reaction to injury, P. makarorae is presumed to contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin.

<i>Tulosesus impatiens</i> Species of fungus

Tulosesus impatiens is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella, Pseudocoprinus, Coprinarius, and Coprinus, before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.

<i>Coprinopsis variegata</i> Species of fungus

Coprinopsis variegata, commonly known as the scaly ink cap or the feltscale inky cap, is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Distributed in eastern North America, it has a medium-sized, bell-shaped to flattened cap up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in diameter, with felt-like, patchy scales. The gills, initially white, turn black in maturity and eventually dissolve into a black "ink". Fruit bodies grow in clusters or groups on leaf litter or rotted hardwood, although the wood may be buried, giving the appearance of growing in the soil. The fungus is found in the United States, in areas east of the Great Plains. Coprinus ebulbosus and Coprinus quadrifidus are names assigned by Charles Horton Peck to what he believed were species distinct from C. variegata; they were later shown to represent the same species, and are now synonyms. The mushroom is not recommended for consumption, and has been shown to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.

<i>Mycena fonticola</i> Species of fungus

Mycena fonticola is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. First reported in 2007, it is known only from central Honshu, in Japan, where it grows on dead leaves and twigs in low-elevation forests dominated by oak trees. The fruit body of the fungus has a smooth, violet-brown cap up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) in diameter, and a slender stem up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Distinguishing microscopic characteristics of the mushroom include the relatively large, distinctly amyloid spores, the smooth, spindle-shaped cheilocystidia, the absence of pleurocystidia, the diverticulate hyphae of the cap cuticle, and the absence of clamp connections.

<i>Mycena chlorophos</i> Species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae

Mycena chlorophos is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. First described in 1860, the fungus is found in subtropical Asia, including India, Japan, Taiwan, Polynesia, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, in Australia, and Brazil. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) have pale brownish-grey sticky caps up to 30 mm (1.2 in) in diameter atop stems 6–30 mm (0.2–1.2 in) long and up to a millimeter thick. The mushrooms are bioluminescent and emit a pale green light. Fruiting occurs in forests on fallen woody debris such as dead twigs, branches, and logs. The fungus can be made to grow and fruit in laboratory conditions, and the growth conditions affecting bioluminescence have been investigated.

<i>Lepiota harithaka</i> Species of fungus

Lepiota harithaka is an agaric mushroom of the genus Lepiota in the order Agaricales. It was described as new to science in 2009. Found in Kerala State, India, fruit bodies of the fungus grow on the ground among bamboo roots.

<i>Lepiota zalkavritha</i> Species of fungus

Lepiota zalkavritha is an agaric fungus of the genus Lepiota, order Agaricales. Described as new to science in 2009, it is found in Kerala State, India.

Coprinopsis martinii is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Coprinopsis nivea</i> Species of fungus

Coprinopsis nivea is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It is commonly known as the snowy inkcap.

References

  1. ↑ "Parasola auricoma (Pat.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple 2001". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
  2. ↑ Patouillard NT. (1886). "Tabulae Analyticae Fungorum" (in French). 1 (5): 181–232 (see p. 200).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ↑ Redhead S, Vilgalys R, Moncalvo JM, Johnson J, Hopple JS Jr (2001). "Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato". Taxon. 50 (1): 203–75. doi:10.2307/1224525. JSTOR   1224525.
  4. ↑ Lange JE. (1915). "Studies in the Agarics of Denmark. Part II. Amanita, Lepiota, Coprinus". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 2 (3): 1–53 (see p. 48).
  5. ↑ "Coprinus hansenii J.E. Lange 1915". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  6. ↑ Uljé CB, Bas C (1988). "Studies in Coprinus I. Subsections Auricomi and Glabri of Coprinus section Pseudocoprinus". Persoonia. 13: 433–48.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Nagy LG, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T (2010). "Type studies and nomenclatural revisions in Parasola (Psathyrellaceae) and related taxa". Mycotaxon. 112: 103–41. doi: 10.5248/112.103 .
  8. ↑ Orton PD, Watling R (1979). "Coprinaceae, Part I: Coprinus". In Hendersen DM, Orton PD, Watling R (eds.). British Fungus Flora: Agarics and Boleti. Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal Botanic Garden. ISBN   978-0114915650.
  9. ↑ Smith AH, Hesler LR (1946). "New and unusual dark-spored agarics from North America" (PDF). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 62 (2): 177–200.
  10. 1 2 Nagy LG, Kocsubé S, Papp T, Vágvölgyi C (2009). "Phylogeny and character evolution of the coprinoid mushroom genus Parasola as inferred from LSU and ITS nrDNA sequence data". Persoonia. 22: 28–37. doi:10.3767/003158509X422434. PMC   2789540 . PMID   20198135.
  11. ↑ Uljé CB, BenderH. (1997). "Additional studies in Coprinus subsection Glabri". Persoonia. 16: 373–81.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Červenka J. (2006). "Observations in the genus Coprinus s. l. 1. Sect. Auricomi: Coprinus auricomus". Catathelasma. 8: 11–15.
  13. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Aime MC, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Thorn RG, Jacobsson S, Clémencon H, Miller OK (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  14. ↑ Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M (2005). "The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales". Mycological Research. 109 (5): 525–44. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868. PMID   16018308.
  15. ↑ Padamsee M, Matheny BP, Dentinger BT, McLaughlin DJ (2008). "The mushroom family Psathyrellaceae: Evidence for large-scale polyphyly of the genus Psathyrella". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (2): 415–29. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.004. PMID   18248744.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Wood M, Stevens F. "Parasola auricoma". The Fungi of California. MykoWeb. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
  17. 1 2 Keirle MR, Hemmes DE, Desjardin DE (2004). "Agaricales of the Hawaiian Islands. 8. Agaricaceae: Coprinus and Podaxis; Psathyrellaceae: Coprinopsis, Coprinellus, and Parasola" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 15: 33–124.
  18. 1 2 Uljé K. "Coprinus auricomus Pat. - - (NL: Kastanje-inktzwam 026.05.0)". Kees Uljé Coprinus site. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
  19. ↑ Uljé K. "Coprinus leiocephalus P.D. Orton - (NL: Geelbruin plooirokje, 026.44.0)". Kees Uljé Coprinus site. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
  20. ↑ Uljé K. "Coprinus lilatinctus Bender & Uljé - (NL: Paars plooirokje, 027.22.0)". Kees Uljé Coprinus site. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
  21. ↑ Uljé K. "Coprinus kuehneri Uljé & Bas - (NL: Kleinsporig plooirokje, 026.96.0)". Kees Uljé Coprinus site. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
  22. ↑ Kuo M. (June 2011). "Parasola auricoma". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
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