Penstemon deustus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Plantaginaceae |
Genus: | Penstemon |
Species: | P. deustus |
Binomial name | |
Penstemon deustus | |
Varieties [2] | |
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Synonyms [2] | |
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Penstemon deustus is a species of penstemon known by the common names hotrock penstemon and scabland penstemon. It is native to much of the northwestern United States from the Pacific Northwest to Wyoming, where it grows in many types of forest and open plateau habitat, often on soils heavy in volcanic rock or on limestone outcrops.
Penstemon deustus is a subshrub, a plant with a largely herbaceous character, but somewhat woody at its base. [3] Its stems grow from a woody caudex with many branches that may be as much as 1 centimeter thick. It may also have leafy shoots that do not produce flowers. [4] It stems range in size from 6 to 60 cm, but usually are taller than 15 cm. They may be nearly hairless, but are more often covered in small, stiff, backwards facing hairs and are never waxy. [3] The stems may lay down on the ground, grow outwards a short distance before curving to grow upwards, or grow straight upwards. [4]
The leaves can be hairless or covered in glandular hairs and have edges that are shallowly to deeply toothed. [4] All the leaves are cauline, attached to the stems rather than to the base of the plant, and are not leathery. Like the stems they may be hairless or retrorsely hairy and might be attached on opposite sides of the stems, nearly opposite, or arranged in whorls. Stems will usually have five to nine pairs of leaves, attached by petioles or directly to the stem. [3]
The inflorescence is 6 to 30 centimeters at the top of a stem and produces five to eleven groups of flowers. Each group will have a pair of bracts and two cymes, each with one to six flowers. [3] The tubular flowers have two lips with five-lobes. The glandular flower is cream in color with dark lining and reaches 1.5 cm in length. [5]
The scientific description and name of Penstemon deustus was first published by David Douglas in 1830. It has four varieties according to Plants of the World Online. [2]
It also has 9 synonyms of the species or one of its varieties. [2] [6] [7] [8]
Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
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Penstemon deustus subsp. heterander(Torr. & A.Gray) Pennell & D.D.Keck | 1940 | subspecies | var. pedicellatus | = het. |
Penstemon deustus var. heterander(Torr. & A.Gray) M.Peck | 1941 | variety | var. pedicellatus | = het. |
Penstemon deustus subsp. typicusD.D.Keck | 1940 | subspecies | P. deustus | ≡ hom. not validly publ. |
Penstemon deustus subsp. variabilis(Suksd.) Pennell & D.D.Keck | 1940 | subspecies | var. variabilis | ≡ hom. |
Penstemon deustus var. savageiL.F.Hend. | 1931 | variety | var. deustus | = het. |
Penstemon heteranderTorr. & A.Gray | 1857 | species | var. pedicellatus | = het. |
Penstemon ilicifoliusNutt. ex Benth. | 1846 | species | var. deustus | = het. |
Penstemon paniculatusHowell | 1901 | species | var. variabilis | = het. |
Penstemon variabilisSuksd. | 1900 | species | var. variabilis | ≡ hom. |
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym |
In English it is known by the common names scabland penstemon, [4] hotrock penstemon, [9] or scorched penstemon. [5]
Penstemon deustus has a range that extends over parts or most of eight western US states. It grows in much of Eastern Washington and all but the northwest corner of Oregon. [10] It also grows in California to the north of San Francisco Bay in the North Coast Ranges into the Klamath Range and Cascades. They also may be found in the northern and central Sierra Nevada. [11] It is very widespread in Nevada, being recorded in every county except for Lincoln County. Similarly it is found in much of Idaho. However it is only known from two southwestern counties of Montana, three western counties in Wyoming, and just Box Elder County in northwest Utah. [10]
This species grows in dry rocky locations, very often on basalt rocks, but also sometimes on limestone. [4]
In 1992 NatureServe evaluated Penstemon deustus and rated it secure (G5). At the state level they evaluated it as secure (S5) in Washington state and apparently secure (S4) in Nevada. They rated it vulnerable (S3) in Wyoming and critically imperiled (S1) in Utah, but did not evaluate it at the state level across the rest of its range. [1]
This plant is used in wilderness revegetation and landscaping projects in its native region. It is favored for its low water needs and its abundant flowers which attract pollinators, including honey bees, bumblebees, sweat bees, and leafcutter bees. [9]
Penstemon albomarginatus is a rare species of penstemon known by the common name white-margined penstemon. It is native to the deserts of southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southern California.
Penstemon anguineus is a species of penstemon known by the common name Siskiyou penstemon. It is native to the mountains of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coniferous forests, often in open areas left by logging operations.
Penstemon azureus is a flowering plant species known by the common name azure penstemon. It is native to the mountains of Oregon and northern California. It grows in coniferous forests and woodlands in the Klamath Mountains, North California Coast Ranges, Southern Cascade Range, and Northern Sierra Nevada.
Penstemon barnebyi is a species of penstemon known by the common names White River Valley beardtongue and Barneby's beardtongue. It is native to the mountain and basin territory of central western Nevada, where it grows in sagebrush and woodland; there is also one occurrence just over the California border.
Penstemon bicolor is a species of penstemon known by the common name pinto penstemon. It is native to the desert mountains and valleys of southern Nevada, eastern California, and western Arizona, where it grows in scrub, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a perennial herb which may exceed one meter in maximum height.
Penstemon caesius, commonly known as the San Bernardino penstemon, is a low growing species of flowering plant. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains, as well as the southern mountains of the Sierra Nevada. It is a member of the flora on rocky slopes and in coniferous forests and alpine habitat in the mountains.
Penstemon calcareus is a species of penstemon known by the common name limestone penstemon. It is native to California, where it is known from the deserts of central San Bernardino County, as well as the Death Valley area, where its distribution extends just over the border into Nevada. It grows in scrub and woodland, often on limestone substrates.
Penstemon cinicola is a species of penstemon known by the common name ash penstemon. It is native to northeastern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in forests and plateau habitat.
Penstemon clevelandii is a species of penstemon known by the common name Cleveland penstemon. It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in mountain and desert habitat such as scrub, woodland, and chaparral.
Aquilegia micrantha var. grahamii, common name Graham's columbine, is a variety of perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to Utah in the United States.
Penstemon acuminatus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common names sharpleaf penstemon and sand-dune penstemon. It is native to the dry interior of the northwestern United States.
Penstemon cyaneus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common names blue penstemon and dark blue penstemon. It is native to the western United States, where it is widespread in Idaho and also found in parts of Montana and Wyoming.
Penstemon davidsonii is a species of penstemon known by the common name Davidson's penstemon, honoring Dr. George Davidson. It is native to western North America.
Penstemon cyanocaulis, the bluestem penstemon or bluestem beardtongue, is a perennial plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae) found in the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region of the southwestern United States.
Penstemon brevisepalus, commonly known as short-sepaled beardtongue, is an herbaceous plant in the plantain family. It is a perennial that produces pale lavender flowers in late spring.
Penstemon virens, commonly known as blue mist penstemon, Front Range penstemon, or Green beardtongue, is a common Penstemon in the Front Range foothills in Colorado and Wyoming. The dainty flowers are an ornament to many rocky or sandy area within its range. It is confusingly similar to Penstemon humilis and Penstemon albertinus though the ranges of these plants do not overlap in the wild. The origin of calling it the "blue mist penstemon" is not precisely known, but is thought to relate to the large number of blue flowers the plant can produce reminding observers of a blue mist.
Penstemon ambiguus, commonly known as the bush penstemon, pink plains penstemon, or gilia beardtongue is a species of Penstemon that grows in the shortgrass prairies and deserts of the western United States and northern Mexico. This bush-like penstemon grows in sandy, loose, and creosote soils and is particularly known for the spectacular flowering show it produces, sometime seasons turning whole hillsides bright pink–white.
Penstemon caespitosus, commonly known as mat penstemon, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant from near timberline to the foothills in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau in North America. It is noted for its ground hugging growth habit and as a plant used in xeriscape and rock gardening.
Penstemon arenicola, commonly known as Red Desert penstemon, is a species of plant from the Western United States. It primarily grows in Wyoming, but it also grows in small areas of Colorado and Utah. It is a short plant known for growing in sand as referenced by its scientific name.
Penstemon albifluvis, the White River penstemon, is a disputed species or variety of Penstemon that grows in a small area in eastern Utah and western Colorado. It grows mainly on broken shale and rock formations in desert habitats. White River penstemon is very rare.