Genera Peyssonnelia and Sonderopelta were originally in order GigartinalesSchmitz.[4] but comparative morphology and rbcL and nuclear LSU rRNA sequence data showed that they were separate and therefore order Peyssonneliales was established in 2009 to hold them both.[5][1]
Incendia was initially resolved as a monophyletic clade with full support for rbcL.[6] Then using robust rbcL phylogeny, order Peyssonneliales was lso resolved as monophyletic with well-supported main lineages.[7]
Description
Delineation of the various genera in the Peyssonneliaceae had mostly been based on vegetative characteristics.[7]
Peyssonneliales order algae are red, crustose,[8] prostrate, and usually epilithic (growing on the surfaces of rocks). The crusts may be non-calcified throughout, calcified throughout, or partially calcified (with hypobasal calcification (situated posterior to the basal wall) between the attachment rhizoids). Calcium carbonate, if present, is in the mineral form aragonite (James et al., 1988). The lower surfaces of the crusts are partially to completely attached to the sub-stratum, either directly (i.e., without rhizoids) or by unicellular or multi cellular rhizoids. Prostrate growth is by radiating marginal rows of transversely dividing apical initials in the basal layer (multi axial). These growths then later divide vertically to form a single upper or lower perithallial cell (surrounding the thallus). The first section of the perithallial cells gives rise to simple or branched filaments that together form a loose to compact upper- only cortex or upper and lower cortices. Cortical cells have numerous discoid or ribbon- like chloroplasts.[5]
The red algae colour comes from photosynthetic pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin). Then the various blends of relative amounts of these 3 and chlorophyll, influences the plant colour, which can vary from dark red to blue, brown, or greenish.[9]
Genera
As accepted by AlgaeBase (with number of species per genera);[10]
Former genera; GymnosorusTrevisan, HaematostagonStrömfelt, LithymeniaZanardini, NardoaZanardini and SonderopeltaWomersley & Sinkora[10]
WoRMS doesn't accept the genera; Agissea, Brasilophycus, Olokunia, Piriora, Rhodowynnea and Squamaria. It also notes; Cruoriopsis is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia, HaematostagonStrömfelt, 1886 is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia, LithymeniaZanardini, 1863 is accepted as synonym of PeyssonneliaSonderopeltaWomersley & Sinkora, 1981 is accepted as synonym of Sonderophycus.[11]
They can grow at low depths, from the Intertidal zone,[5] (between 90–120m (295–394ft) in western Atlantic Ocean),[13] or down to depths as low as 288m (945ft) below sea level in the Pacific Ocean (near California).[5]
Members of Peyssonneliales can be found growing on hard substratum (bedrock),[5] or found growing on corals.[15]
Peyssonneliaceae make thick, brown/dark red growths that may have a soft top above a hard base. Fish do not eat it, allowing it to grow and smother corals. Peyssonneliaceae also keep coral from successfully reproducing sexually by preventing coral larvae from settling.[23]
References
1 2 3 Krayesky, David M.; Norris, James N.; Gabrielson, Paul W.; Gabriel, Daniela; Fredericq, Suzanne (1 October 2009). "A new order of red algae based on the Peyssonneliaceae, with an evaluation of the ordinal classification of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 122 (3): 364–391. doi:10.2988/08-43.1. S2CID86232035.
↑ Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers
↑ Denizot, M., 1968. Les algues floridées encroutantes (à l'éxclusion des Corallinacées). pp. [1]–310, 227 figs. Paris: Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Reference page.: 86, 308.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Krayesky, David; Norris, James (14 November 2014). "Peyssonneliales; Peyssonneliaceae, In: Norris, J.N., Marine Algae of the Northern Gulf of California, II: Rhodophyta". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 96: 366–374.
1 2 3 Pestana, E.M. D.S.; Lyra, G.M.; Santos, Gabriel Do Nascimento; Santos, Cibele Conceicao Dos; Cassano, Valeria; Nunes, Jose Marcos De Castro (15 April 2020). "Integrative approach reveals underestimated Peyssonneliales diversity in Brazil: registering the first occurrence of Ramicrusta and Incendia, with the description of three new species". Phytotaxa. 439 (1). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.439.1.2. S2CID218813278.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pestana, Edilene Maria Dos Santos; Nunes, José Marcos de Castro; Cassano, Valéria; Lyra, Goia de Mattos (December 2021). "Taxonomic revision of the Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta): Circumscribing the authentic Peyssonnelia clade and proposing four new genera and seven new species". Journal of Phycology. 57 (6): 1749–1767. doi:10.1111/jpy.13207. PMID34448497. S2CID237321243.
1 2 Gabriel, Daniela; Schmidt, William; Krayesky, David; Harris, David; Fredericq, Suzanne (2015). "The crustose red algal genus Peyssonnelia (Peyssonneliales, Rhodophyta) in the Azores: from five to one species". Arqupelago - Life and Marine Sciences. 32: 1–9. hdl:10400.3/3899.
↑ Ballantine, D.L.; Ruiz, H. (2011). "A new encrusting deep-water coral reef alga, Peyssonnelia incomposita (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 32: 19–26. doi:10.7872/crya.v32.iss1.2011.019. S2CID85646094.
↑ Sherwood, Alison R.; Cabrera, Feresa P.; Spalding, Heather L.; Alvarado, Erika A.; Smith, Celia M.; Hauk, Brian B.; Matadobra, Stephen J.; Kosaki, Randall K.; Paiano, Monica O. (28 October 2021). "Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta): new species in the genera Incendia and Seiria". Phytotaxa. 524 (1): 14–26. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.524.1.2. S2CID240206038.
↑ Sherwood, A.R., Paiano, M.O., Spalding, H.L. & Kosaki, R.K. (2020) Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta). 2. Sonderophycus copusii, a new species from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ALGAE 35: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.20
Ballantine, D. L., Lozada-Troche, C. & Ruíz, H. 2014. Metapeyssonnelia tangerina (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), a new species associated with coral reef habitats in Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea. Phycol. Res. 62:197-205.
Ballantine, D. L. & Ruiz, H. 2005. Two Peyssonnelia species (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta) from Puerto Rico including Peyssonnelia flavescens sp. nov. Phycologia 44:328-34.
Bassi, D., 1997. Vegetative anatomy and palaeoecology of Polystrata alba (Pfender) Denizot, 1968 (Cryptonemiales, Peyssonneliaceae) (Late Eocene, Northern Italy). Revue de Paléobiologie 16 (2):309-320.
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