Phyllonorycter blancardella

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Phyllonorycter blancardella
Phyllonorycter blancardella, Newborough Forest, North Wales, Sept 2016 (29274540800).jpg
Phyllonorycter blancardella, Newborough Forest, North Wales
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Gracillariidae
Genus: Phyllonorycter
Species:
P. blancardella
Binomial name
Phyllonorycter blancardella
(Fabricius, 1781)
Synonyms
  • Tinea blancardellaFabricius, 1781
  • Lithocolletis concomitellaBankes, 1899

The spotted tentiform leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe, east to Ukraine and central Anatolia. It is also known throughout North America including Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Wisconsin and California. [1]

Contents

The wingspan is 6–9 mm. The ground colour is orange often with a dusky sprinkling of blackish scales. White streaks sometimes join together to form larger markings.

Adults emerge in May and again in August in two generations in western Europe.

The larvae feed on Malus angustifolia , Malus x astracanica, Malus baccata , Malus coronaria , Malus domestica , Malus floribunda , Malus fusca , Malus ringo , Malus x robusta and Malus sylvestris . They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a lower surface tentiform mine. The epidermis is yellow-green and has some folds. Pupation takes place within the mine. The pupa is amber or chestnut brown, and is made within a white cocoon.

Control

The spotted tentiform leafminer is a serious pest of various apple species ( Malus ), along with the apple blotch leafminer moth ( Phyllonorycter crataegella ) and others. Infestation may result in reduced crop yield. Both species, like many other pests, show an increasing resistance to organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. [2]

Two species of very small wasps, the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis and the braconid Pholetesor ornigis are parasites of both P. blancardella and P. crataegella. [3] Biological control includes reducing the use of broad spectrum insecticides, helping these and other parasitoids to flourish and reduce leaf miner damage. Mulching fallen leaves may also allow fragments to be pulled underground by earthworms. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf miner</span> Larva of an insect that lives in and eats the leaf tissue of plants

A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies, and flies (Diptera). Some beetles also exhibit this behavior.

<i>Phyllocnistis citrella</i> Species of moth

The citrus leafminer is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is also known as CLM in agriculture. It was first found in Florida in 1993, but is now found all over the world, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Corsica, Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Israel, Madeira, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka and other parts of the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter apparella</i> Species of moth

The aspen leaf blotch miner moth is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in most of Europe. It is also present in Turkey and North America.

Phyllonorycter hostis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Italy, Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Tunisia. There are some records from Great Britain and Germany.

<i>Phyllonorycter pastorella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter pastorella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe, east to Russia, China and Japan.

<i>Phyllonorycter scudderella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter scudderella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is widespread in eastern North America from Ontario to Ohio and in western North America from south-eastern Alaska to Oregon.

<i>Phyllonorycter lucidicostella</i> Species of moth

The lesser maple leaf blotch miner is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Québec in Canada and Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maine, Michigan, New York, Vermont and North Carolina in the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter albanotella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter albanotella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Québec in Canada and Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, Texas, Maine, Vermont and Connecticut in the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter crataegella</i> Species of moth

The apple blotch leafminer is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter propinquinella</i> Species of moth

The cherry blotch miner moth is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter aeriferella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter aeriferella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter tiliacella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter tiliacella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Cameraria cincinnatiella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria cincinnatiella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and the United States.

Phyllonorycter diversella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Nova Scotia in Canada and Connecticut, Ohio, Kentucky, Maine and Vermont in the United States.

The apple tentiform leafminer is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Altai), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

The western tentiform leafminer is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from British Columbia in Canada and California, Oregon, Washington and Utah in the United States.

The unspotted tentiform leafminer moth is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Québec, Canada, and Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, New York, Vermont, Texas, Colorado, Missouri, Kentucky and Connecticut in the United States.

Caloptilia porphyretica is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from North Carolina and New Jersey in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithocolletinae</span> Subfamily of moths

Lithocolletinae is a subfamily of insects in the moth family Gracillariidae. It is distributed worldwide, with most species in temperate regions.

References

  1. ↑ "Spotted Tentiform Leafminer", Integrated Pest Management for Apples (publication 310), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
  2. ↑ Mozūraitis, Raimondas; et al. (Feb 2009). "Chemical Communication in the Leaf Mining Moths of the Genus Phyllonorycter". Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  3. ↑ Bishop, Stephanie D.; et al. (2001). "Hymenopterous parasites associated with Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Nova Scotia and Quebec" (PDF). Phytoprotection. 82 (2): 65–71. doi:10.7202/706217ar.
  4. ↑ "Natural Enemies of Spotted Tentiform Leafminer on Apple, Part 1". Midwest Biological Control News. University of Wisconsin-Madison. III (7). July 1996. (see also Part 2)
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