Poikilospermum

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Poikilospermum
Poikilospermum suaveolens.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Urticaceae
Tribe: Urticeae
Genus: Poikilospermum
Zipp. ex Miq.
Species

between 4 & 41, see text

Poikilospermum is a genus of shrubs or tall woody climbers, consisting of at least 33 accepted species. The plants are found from India and China (Yunnan), the Sino-Himalayan region to Sulawesi and Jawa in Indonesia. Some of the plants are used by people.

Contents

Common names in the genus include the Chinese 锥头麻属 (zhui tou ma shu) and 陈家瑞 (chen jiarui or chen chia-jui), [1] and the Khmer krâpë rô. [2]

Classification

The classification of the genus was dynamic and the in past was linked to the status of the family Cecropiaceae. At present, consensus places it in the family Urticaceae. [3] [4] [5] One recent phylogenetic study placed it in a clade with Urtica , though two slightly older studies placed it as a sister clade to the Cecropieae (the former Cecropiaceae s. str.) and Urticaeae (Urticaceae s. antiq.). [5] Older, nonphylogenetic, work placed the genus in Cecropiaceae, a family regarded as intermediate between Urticeae and Moraceae [1]

Taxonomic history

Alexander Zippelius (1797-1828) is given authorship of the genus, publishing in Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi (Amsterdam), 1: 203, in 1864. His work superseded that of Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (1811-1871). In 1978, Berg placed it in Cecropiaceae. Most recent work has been by Datwyler & Weiblen (2004), Zerega et al. (2005), and Hadiah et al. (2008) place the genus in Urticaceae.

Description

Members of Poikilospermum are shrubs or tall woody climbers (also known as lianas). [1] The petiolate leaves are alternate; their stipules are often caducous, intrapetiolar, connate, and leathery; their veins are often prominently pinnate; cystoliths occur adaxially in circular groups, abaxially along veins, either punctiform or linear. The inflorescences are solitary and axillary dichotomously branched cymes, they are unisexual (the plants are dioecious). The glomerules are capitate and either on swollen peduncular receptacles (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma, continental Asia group), in agglomerations, or are free (in P. subgen. Poikilospermum, E Malaysia group). The male flowers are with 2-4 perianth lobes, free or slightly connate; there are two to four stamens, the filaments are straight (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma) or inflexed; a rudimentary ovary is present. The female flowers have four perianth lobes, and are clavate-tubular and decussate-imbricate. The ovary in this genus is enclosed, with a short style, a capitate or ligulate (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma) stigma; the ovule is orthotropous. The seeds have little or no endosperm. The cotyledons are ovate.

Distribution and habitat

Plants of the genus occur naturally from India across to Southeast Asia, China and Indonesia. [3] [1] Countries and regions in which plants of the genus grow include: Indonesia (Maluku, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sumatera); Philippines; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (South-central); Laos; Myanmar; India (including Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands, Assam); Bangladesh; Tibet; East Himalaya. The genus has also been introduced to Jamaica. In China there are 3 species. Species often have high moisture requirement, occurring in Monsoon forests and rain forests, often near streams or other we places, at altitudes ranging from 500m to 1800m. In Cambodia P. suaveolens grows in the undergrowth of dense forests. [2]

Human use

One species is used to produce ties (as in to tie things together). [2]

Species

These species are accepted, as of February 2021:

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The Moraceae—often called the mulberry family or fig family—are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their distribution is cosmopolitan overall. The only synapomorphy within the Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits. The family includes well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, jackfruit, mulberry, and Osage orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia.

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<i>Antidesma</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Canarium</i> Genus of trees

Canarium is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Palau.

<i>Mammea</i> Genus of trees

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<i>Sterculia</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Dendrocnide</i> Genus of plants in the family Urticaceae

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<i>Chionanthus</i> Genus of trees

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<i>Actinodaphne</i> Genus of flowering plants

Actinodaphne is an Asian genus of flowering plants in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It contains approximately 125 species of dioecious evergreen trees and shrubs.

Dischidia is a genus of plants in the “dog-bane” family Apocynaceae, collectively known as the “milkweeds”. They are epiphytes, native to tropical areas of China, India as well as Bhutan’s southern borders, wherever minimal frost occurs. Additionally, they are known from most areas of Indo-China, including forested areas of Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and some parts of Malaysia and Singapore.

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<i>Laportea</i> Genus of flowering plants

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Chilocarpus is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1823. The genus is native to India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.

  1. Chilocarpus beccarianusPierre - Borneo
  2. Chilocarpus conspicuus(Steenis) Markgr. - Borneo
  3. Chilocarpus costatusMiq. - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar
  4. Chilocarpus decipiensHook.f. - Sumatra, W Malaysia
  5. Chilocarpus denudatusBlume - S India, Nicobar Islands, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea
  6. Chilocarpus hirtusD.J.Middleton - Borneo, Sumatra
  7. Chilocarpus obtusifoliusMerr. - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia
  8. Chilocarpus pubescensD.J.Middleton - Borneo
  9. Chilocarpus rostratusMarkgr. - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Thailand
  10. Chilocarpus sarawakensisD.J.Middleton - Sarawak
  11. Chilocarpus steenisianusMarkgr. - Borneo
  12. Chilocarpus suaveolensBlume - Borneo, Sumatra, Java
  13. Chilocarpus torulosus(Boerl.) Markgr. - Borneo
  14. Chilocarpus vernicosusBlume - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia

Cypholophus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Urticaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Flora Of China: Poikilospermum, eFloras (2008), published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 18 September 2012], Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=126288
  2. 1 2 3 Dy Phon Pauline, 2000, Plants Used In Cambodia, printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh
  3. 1 2 "Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  4. ↑ "The Plant List: Poikilospermum" . Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  5. 1 2 Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since], http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/, accessed 18 September 2012
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