Port des Canonge Formation

Port des Canonge Formation
Port des Canonge Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early-Middle? Permian, Cisuralian–Guadalupian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Exposed redbeds
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Pedra de s'Ase Formation
Overlies	Bec de s'Àguila Formation
Thickness	At least up 370 m (1,210 ft) in the Port des Canonge–Hort de sa Cova section
Lithology
Primary	sandstone, lutite (mudstone)
Location
Coordinates	39°41′14″N02°30′48″E / 39.68722°N 2.51333°E
Region	Mallorca
Country	Spain
Type section
Named for	Port d'es Canonge village
	Port des Canonge Formation (Spain) Port des Canonge Formation (Balearic Islands) Port des Canonge Formation (Majorca)

Last updated December 25, 2024

The Port des Canonge Formation is an Early-Middle Permian-age geologic formation in the Mediterranean island of Mallorca. It consists of red to brown-colored sedimentary rocks (red beds) such as sandstone and mudstone, and is located in what back then was the western peri-Tethys Ocean.^[1]

Geological Context

The Permian geological context of Mallorca is part of the larger framework of the Balearic Islands, an extension of the Betic fold and thrust belt formed during the Alpine orogeny. On the islands, only Mallorca and Menorca have exposed Permian beds, likely derived from sedimentary successions deposited in isolated basins along the eastern edge of the Iberian plate, sharing a structural connection with the Iberian Peninsula, emerged during the collapse of the Variscan orogeny in the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian. This collapse led to a transtensional and extensional tectonic regime, creating semi-graben structures that facilitated sediment accumulation.^[2]^[3]

Palaeogeographically, these basins were located in the western peri-Tethys and shifted from approximately 7°S to 4°N latitude throughout the Permian, experiencing a tropical, semi-arid, and seasonal climate.^[2]

On Mallorca, Permian rocks are primarily found along the coastal cliffs of the Serra de Tramuntana and partially inland, though often obscured by forest cover. The base of the Permian succession is faulted against underlying Carboniferous rocks, and the transition to the overlying Lower Triassic Buntsandstein is marked by an unconformity.^[1]^[2]

Paleoenvironment

The Port des Canonges Formation overlies the coarse deposits of the Bec de s’Àguila Formation (colluvium and alluvial fan deposits) and is overlain by the Pedra de s’Ase Formation (fluvial environment with rare floodplain deposits). The two main outcrop areas of the Port des Canonges Formation, the Racó de s’Algar–Pedra de s’Ase section and the Port des Canonge–Hort de sa Cova section, show a thickness of approximately 222.5 m (730 ft) and 370 m (1,210 ft), respectively.^[1]

The Port des Canonge Formation represents an intra-continental fine-grained meandering river system with extensive floodplain deposits, flowing southeast along the basin's main axis. It is composed of red sandstones and red lutites^{[nb 1]} organized in fining-upward sequences, dominated by lateral accretion surfaces from channel bars and overbank deposits. Breccia lithofacies occur as basal lags or isolated beds, reflecting reworked floodplain sediments. Sandstone lithofacies include ripple-marked, laminated, and massive sands, indicating waning flows and overbank deposits. Lutites are characterized by massive and laminated facies, disrupted by plant roots and invertebrate burrows, recording periods of low sedimentation or subaerial exposure.^[1]^[4] Decreased subsidence rates favored a longitudinal fluvial system, while significant accommodation space allowed for the deposition of mudstones and fine sandstones.^[4]

The system is marked by lateral accretion surfaces and stabilized riverbanks, likely due to abundant floodplain vegetation, which prevented channel widening. Evidence of this vegetation includes developed soils, occasional plant remains, and logs despite the oxidized conditions.^[1]

Palaeosols with carbonate nodules, calcrete hardpans, and gleyed patches developed under dry conditions, pointing to seasonal desiccation of ponds, which likely functioned as waterholes. Fossils, including tetrapod tracks and skeletons, rhizocretions, and plant remains, emphasize the ecological importance of these floodplain environments.^[1]^[4]

The formation's palaeocurrents suggest a southeast-directed flow, consistent with the meandering river interpretation. Overall, the facies suggest a semi-arid, dynamic fluvial system shaped by meandering rivers & seasonal dry periods.^[1]^[4]

Dating

No radiometric dating is available for the Port des Canonge formation due to the absence of volcanic layers in it.^[1] In 2022, based on tetrapod footprint associations, Matamales-Andreu et al. assigned it an Artinskian-Kungurian (late Early Permian) age.^[1] In addition, the overlying Pedra de s'Ase Formation was dated to the Middle Permian (Roadian-Wordian) by a particular palynological association and paleomagnetic data.^[1] A year later, however, Matamales-Andreu et al. proposed (with some doubts) that the age of the upper part of the Port des Canonges Formation could also reach the base of the Middle Permian (lower Roadian).^[5]

Paleobiota

The Port des Canonges Formation contains numerous fossils. The terrestrial vertebrate fauna, represented by both footprints and skeletal remains, is remarkable in showing a mixture of tetrapods typical of the Lower Permian (pelycosaurs and moradisaurines) with others rather characteristic of Middle and Upper Permian assemblages (non-mammalian therapsids).^[4]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Invertebrates

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Made by	Images
Cochlichnus ^[1]	C. anguineus	Torrent de na Nadala	Burrows	Nematodes Insect larva
Cruziana ^[1]	C. isp.	Port des Canonge–Hort de sa Cova	Feeding trace	Represented by a single specimen not identified at the ichnospecific level due to its poor preservation. Given its size, this trace could have been produced by notostracan crustaceans, similar to those described in the south of France.^[1]

Tetrapods

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Characichnos ^[1]	C. isp.	Torrent de na Nadala Racó de s'Algar	Footprints	Swimming tetrapod tracks
Dimetropus ^[1]	D. leisnerianus Cf.D. isp.	Torrent de na Nadala	Footprints	Tetrapod tracks, referred to multiple early synapsids: caseidae, ophiacodontidae, edaphosauridae and sphenacodontidae. Tracks of cf. Dimetropus sp. are considered to belong to a medium-sized caseid synapsid similar to Ennatosaurus .^[6]^[1]	Example of Dimetropus
Dromopus ^[1]	D. isp.	Torrent de na Nadala	Footprints	Tetrapod tracks, referred to Araeoscelidians or Varanopidae
Gorgonopsia ^[4]	Indeterminate	Torrent de na Nadala	DA21/17-01-01, disarticulated partial skeleton consisting of a mandible, skull fragments, a saber-toothed canine, four incisors, neck and tail vertebrae, two ribs, a nearly complete left hind limb, and bones of the right foot.	A relatively small Gorgonopsian therapsid, representing the oldest record of the group worldwide	Mallorcan Gorgonopsian material
Hyloidichnus ^[1]	H. bifurcatus	Torrent de na Nadala	Footprints	Tetrapod tracks, referred to Captorhinid eureptiles. Two forms are known, one large and one smaller, both also distinguished by slightly different relative depth patterns (related to the functional prevalence of autopodia), showing that weight distribution was different between small and large moradisaurines. The small morphotype of H. bifurcatus from Mallorca match with the size, proportions and shape of the foot of the small moradisaurine Tramuntanasaurus tiai present in strata close to those of the footprints.^[5]	Example of Hyloidichnus
Moradisaurinae ^[7]	Indeterminate	Platja de son Bunyola (Port des Canonges–Hort de sa Cova section).^[1]	MBCN 15730, a partial right maxilla and parts of the palate	A large moradisaurine captorhinid. Skull length is estimated to be between 17.7 cm (7.0 in) and 26.4 cm (10.4 in).^[7] This form has only three rows of teeth on the mid-posterior part of the maxilla, whereas Tramuntanasaurus, a much smaller sympatric taxon, has five. Since in moradisaurines the number of tooth rows increases with age, MBCN 15730 certainly belongs to a different taxon than Tramuntanasaurus.^[5]
Pachypes ^[1]	cf.P. ollieri	Torrent de na Nadala	Footprints	Tetrapod tracks, referred to non-pareiasaur Pareiasauromorph parareptiles, more specifically to a Nycteroleteridae.^[8]
Tramuntanasaurus ^[5]	T. tiai	Torrent de na Nadala^[5]^[1]	The holotype is a nearly complete semi articulated skeleton. Several other skeletons are known but have not yet been described.^[5]^[4]	A medium-sized (skull length : 8.3 cm (3.3 in)) moradisaurine captorhinid.

Plants

Multiple large logs along carbonaceous debris have been found in Cova des Carbó.^[1]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Hermitia ^[1]	H. sp.	Torrent de na Nadala	Three foliated penultimate shoot fragments	Branched shoots referred to conifers, probably Voltziales
Feysia ^[1]	?F. sp.	Torrent de na Nadala Racó de s'Algar Platjola des munt de Pedres Es Tamarell	Branched shoots	Branched shoots referred to conifers, probably Voltziales

Notes

↑ In describing the Permian formations of Mallorca in 2022, Rafel Matamales Andreu et al. use the rarely used term lutite to designate these rocks alternating with sandstone beds (Matamales-Andreu et al., 2022, pp.11-12). Lutite is a general term that groups together different types of very fine-grained rocks whose elements have a diameter of less than 1/16 of a millimeter. In later publications these authors use the more precise term mudstones for the same rocks (Matamales-Andreu et al., 2023, pp.2 ; 3 (fig.1), Matamales-Andreu et al., 2024, p.3 (fig.2)).

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References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Matamales-Andreu, Rafel; Mujal, Eudald; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (2022). "Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Earth-Science Reviews. 228: 103948. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948. ISSN 0012-8252.
1 2 3 López-Gómez, José; Alonso-Azcárate, Jacinto; Arche, Alfredo; Arribas, José; Fernández Barrenechea, José; Borruel-Abadía, Violeta; Bourquin, Sylvie; Cadenas, Patricia; Cuevas, Julia (2019), Quesada, Cecilio; Oliveira, José Tomás (eds.), "Permian-Triassic Rifting Stage", The Geology of Iberia: A Geodynamic Approach: Volume 3: The Alpine Cycle, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–112, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11295-0_3, ISBN 978-3-030-11295-0 , retrieved 2024-12-17
↑ Roscher, Marco; Schneider, Joerg W. (2006). "Permo-Carboniferous climate: Early Pennsylvanian to Late Permian climate development of central Europe in a regional and global context". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 265 (1): 95–136. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.05.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matamales-Andreu, Rafel; Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Simões, Tiago R.; Mujal, Eudald; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (2024-12-17). "Early–middle Permian Mediterranean gorgonopsian suggests an equatorial origin of therapsids". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 10346. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54425-5. ISSN 2041-1723.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E.; Galobart, À.; Fortuny, J. (2023). "A new medium-sized moradisaurine captorhinid eureptile from the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) and correlation with the co-occurring ichnogenus Hyloidichnus". Papers in Palaeontology. 49 (3): e1498. doi:10.1002/spp2.1498.
↑ Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E.; Galobart, À.; Fortuny, J. (2021). "Insights on the evolution of synapsid locomotion based on tetrapod tracks from the lower Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 579: 110589. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110589.
1 2 Liebrecht, Torsten; Fortuny, Josep; Galobart, Àngel; Müller, Johannes; Sander, P. Martin (2016-12-07). "A large, multiple-tooth-rowed captorhinid reptile (Amniota: Eureptilia) from the Upper Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (1): e1251936. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1251936. ISSN 0272-4634.
↑ Marchetti, L.; Voigt, S.; Mujal, E.; Lucas, S.G.; Francischini, J.; Fortuny, J.; Santucci, V.L. (2021). "Extending the footprint record of Pareiasauromorpha to the Cisuralian : earlier appearance and wider palaeobiogeography of the group". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1297–1319. doi:10.1002/spp2.1342.

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[4] In describing the Permian formations of Mallorca in 2022, Rafel Matamales Andreu et al. use the rarely used term lutite to designate these rocks alternating with sandstone beds (Matamales-Andreu et al., 2022, pp.11-12). Lutite is a general term that groups together different types of very fine-grained rocks whose elements have a diameter of less than 1/16 of a millimeter. In later publications these authors use the more precise term mudstones for the same rocks (Matamales-Andreu et al., 2023, pp.2 ; 3 (fig.1), Matamales-Andreu et al., 2024, p.3 (fig.2)).

[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Matamales-Andreu, Rafel; Mujal, Eudald; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (2022). "Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Earth-Science Reviews. 228: 103948. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948. ISSN 0012-8252.

[:1-2] 1 2 3 López-Gómez, José; Alonso-Azcárate, Jacinto; Arche, Alfredo; Arribas, José; Fernández Barrenechea, José; Borruel-Abadía, Violeta; Bourquin, Sylvie; Cadenas, Patricia; Cuevas, Julia (2019), Quesada, Cecilio; Oliveira, José Tomás (eds.), "Permian-Triassic Rifting Stage", The Geology of Iberia: A Geodynamic Approach: Volume 3: The Alpine Cycle, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–112, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11295-0_3, ISBN 978-3-030-11295-0 , retrieved 2024-12-17

[3] Roscher, Marco; Schneider, Joerg W. (2006). "Permo-Carboniferous climate: Early Pennsylvanian to Late Permian climate development of central Europe in a regional and global context". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 265 (1): 95–136. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.05.

[:2-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matamales-Andreu, Rafel; Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Simões, Tiago R.; Mujal, Eudald; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (2024-12-17). "Early–middle Permian Mediterranean gorgonopsian suggests an equatorial origin of therapsids". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 10346. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54425-5. ISSN 2041-1723.

[Matamales-Andreu&al.2023-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E.; Galobart, À.; Fortuny, J. (2023). "A new medium-sized moradisaurine captorhinid eureptile from the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) and correlation with the co-occurring ichnogenus Hyloidichnus". Papers in Palaeontology. 49 (3): e1498. doi:10.1002/spp2.1498.

[Matamales-Andreu&al.2021-7] Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E.; Galobart, À.; Fortuny, J. (2021). "Insights on the evolution of synapsid locomotion based on tetrapod tracks from the lower Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 579: 110589. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110589.

[Liebrecht&al.2017-8] 1 2 Liebrecht, Torsten; Fortuny, Josep; Galobart, Àngel; Müller, Johannes; Sander, P. Martin (2016-12-07). "A large, multiple-tooth-rowed captorhinid reptile (Amniota: Eureptilia) from the Upper Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (1): e1251936. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1251936. ISSN 0272-4634.

[Marchetti&al.2021-9] Marchetti, L.; Voigt, S.; Mujal, E.; Lucas, S.G.; Francischini, J.; Fortuny, J.; Santucci, V.L. (2021). "Extending the footprint record of Pareiasauromorpha to the Cisuralian : earlier appearance and wider palaeobiogeography of the group". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1297–1319. doi:10.1002/spp2.1342.

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