Protobothrops | |
---|---|
Protobothrops cornutus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Reptilia |
Order: | Squamata |
Suborder: | Serpentes |
Family: | Viperidae |
Subfamily: | Crotalinae |
Genus: | Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983 |
Type species | |
Bothrops flavoviridis Hallowell, 1861 |
Protobothrops is a genus of pit vipers found in Asia. [1]
The venom of Protobothrops can be diverse and unique across individual organisms of the same and differing species and has demonstrated the ability to evolve in an accelerated manner. [2] [3] One possible explanation for these traits is that the habitat in which Protobothrops reside contains a large variety of prey which may have prompted the diversification of the venom related genes. [2] [3]
Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
---|---|---|
Protobothrops cornutus (M.A. Smith, 1930) | Vietnam and Southern China. | |
Protobothrops dabieshanensis Huang, T. Pan, Han, L. Zhang, Hou, Yu, Zheng & B. Zhang, 2012 | China | |
Protobothrops elegans (Gray, 1849) | Ryukyu Islands, specifically the Yaeyama Islands. | |
Protobothrops flavoviridis (Hallowell, 1861) | Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa and the Amami Islands. | |
Protobothrops himalayanus H. Pan, Chettri, D. Yang, K. Jiang, K. Wang, L. Zhang & Vogel, 2013 | China (southern Tibet), Nepal, Bhutan, India (Sikkim) | |
Protobothrops jerdonii (Günther, 1875) | India, Nepal, Myanmar, China, and Vietnam. | |
Protobothrops kaulbacki (M.A. Smith, 1940) | Myanmar, China | |
Protobothrops kelomohy Sumontha, Vasaruchapong, Chomngam, Suntrarachun, Pawangkhanant, Sompan, Smit, Kunya & Chanhome, 2020 | Northern Thailand | |
Protobothrops mangshanensis (Zhao, 1990) | China (Guangdong, Hunan) | |
Protobothrops maolanensis J. Yang, Orlov & Y. Wang, 2011 | China (Guizhou) | |
Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Cantor, 1839) | India (Assam and Mizoram) and Bangladesh, to Myanmar, China (including Hainan, and as far north as Gansu and as far east as Zhejiang), Laos, northern and central Vietnam, also found in northern Thailand as well as in Taiwan | |
Protobothrops sieversorum (Ziegler, Herrmann, David, Orlov & Pauwels, 2000) | Vietnam | |
Protobothrops tokarensis (Nagai, 1928) | Kagoshima, Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands | |
Protobothrops trungkhanhensis Orlov, Ryabov & Nguyen, 2009 | Vietnam, China | |
Protobothrops xiangchengensis (Zhao, Y. Jiang & Huang, 1979) | China (Yunnan, Sichuan) | |
Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Protobothrops.
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The Indian cobra, also known commonly as the spectacled cobra, Asian cobra, or binocellate cobra, is a species of cobra, a venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is native to the Indian subcontinent, and is a member of the "big four" species that are responsible for the most snakebite cases in India.
Gloydius blomhoffii, commonly known as the mamushi, Japanese moccasin, Japanese pit viper, Qichun snake, Salmusa or Japanese mamushi, is a pit viper species found in Japan. It was once considered to have 4 subspecies, but it is now considered monotypic.
CD59 glycoprotein, also known as MAC-inhibitory protein (MAC-IP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), or protectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD59 gene. It is an LU domain and belongs to the LY6/uPAR/alpha-neurotoxin protein family.
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Taste receptor type 2 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R4 gene.
Alpha-1,3/1,6-mannosyltransferase ALG2 is an enzyme that is encoded by the ALG2 gene. Mutations in the human gene are associated with congenital defects in glycosylation The protein encoded by the ALG2 gene belongs to two classes of enzymes: GDP-Man:Man1GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase and GDP-Man:Man2GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF14 gene.
Neurogenic differentiation factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROD2 gene.
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Three-finger toxins are a protein superfamily of small toxin proteins found in the venom of snakes. Three-finger toxins are in turn members of a larger superfamily of three-finger protein domains which includes non-toxic proteins that share a similar protein fold. The group is named for its common structure consisting of three beta strand loops connected to a central core containing four conserved disulfide bonds. The 3FP protein domain has no enzymatic activity and is typically between 60-74 amino acid residues long. Despite their conserved structure, three-finger toxin proteins have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Most members of the family are neurotoxins that act on cholinergic intercellular signaling; the alpha-neurotoxin family interacts with muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the kappa-bungarotoxin family with neuronal nAChRs, and muscarinic toxins with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).
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