Type | Semi-weekly newspaper [1] |
---|---|
Format | Broadsheet [1] |
Editor-in-chief | Yiketan [2] |
Staff writers | 25 [3] |
Founded | July 1946 [3] |
Language | Xibe [4] |
Headquarters | Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region People's Republic of China [1] |
Circulation | 1,300 [3] |
The Qapqal News (Xibe: ᠴᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯ
ᠰᡝᠷᡣᡞᠨ, Möllendorff: Cabcal Serkin Chinese :察布查尔报; pinyin :Chábùchá'ěr Bào) is the world's only newspaper in the Xibe language, a Tungusic language spoken in Northwest China. [4] [5] It is one of roughly fifty minority-language newspapers in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. [4]
The predecessor of the Qapqal News, the Sulfan Jilgan (Xibe: ᠰᡠᠯᡫᠠᠨ ᡪᡞᠯᡤᠠᠨ; Chinese:苏尔凡吉尔干; pinyin:Sū'ěrfán Jí'ěrgàn; lit.'Voice of Freedom'), was founded in July 1946 in Yining during the reign of the East Turkestan Republic. In 1954, it changed its name to Ice Banjin (Xibe: ᡞᠴᡝ ᠪᠠᠨᡪᡞᠨ; Chinese:伊车班津; pinyin:Yīchē Bānjīn; lit.'New Life News'). The paper moved its offices to its present location in the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in 1956. [3] It was forced to stop publication in June 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, but was revived under its present name in October 1974, and has been in continuous operation since then. [1]
From about 300 copies in the 1970s when it was revived, the circulation of the Qapqal News grew to about 1,300 by 2007. It now comes out twice a week. Of the subscribers, about 500 are government organisations, twenty are enthusiasts of the closely related Manchu language in places as varied as Shenyang, Beijing, Hubei, Guizhou, Sichuan, and a dozen other provinces, and the remainder are local Xibe people, mostly those in rural areas. It is sold at retail for ¥0.09, or at a full-year subscription price of ¥9. Their full-year revenue is thus only around ¥10,000; the county government gives them a subsidy to cover roughly ¥30,000 of annual paper and printing costs and ¥3,000 of salaries paid to reporters. [3]
In 2017 the price is ¥0.9 at retail or ¥90 at a full-year subscription.
The newspaper's name is printed in four languages on its front page: Xibe, Chinese, Uyghur (چاپچال گېزىت, Chapchal Gëzit) and Kazakh (چاپچال گازەت, Çapçal Gazet). [5] About 80% of its content consists of translated reports from China's official Xinhua News Agency and other wire services, with the remaining 20% written by the paper's own staff. Even the paper's own staff do not always write their articles in Xibe; sometimes, they write in Chinese, Uyghur or Kazakh and then translate it into Xibe later. The paper does not accept advertisements. [3]
The Qapqal News plays an important role in Xibe language planning and standardisation. [1] The editors are highly conscious of their role as the modern caretakers not just of their own language but of the Manchu language which few besides Xibe people can read and write anymore; Manchu proper is nearly extinct, with the last native speakers as of 2007 [update] believed to be 18 octogenerian residents of the village of Sanjiazi near Qiqihar in Northern Heilongjiang. [1] [6] The problem is that the Xibe language exhibits increasing diglossia, with the old Manchu terminology in the standard written language being replaced by a large body of Standard Chinese loanwords in the spoken language; many younger readers lack familiarity with the older Manchu words. The editors of the Qapqal News thus worry that their desire to reach the widest audience possible conflicts with their role as a guardian of the standard language and of Manchu culture in general. [1]
The current editor-in-chief, Iktan (伊克坦, Yīkètǎn), is a graduate of the Minzu University of China; aside from Xibe, he also speaks Chinese, Uyghur, Kazakh and Russian. [2] He began working for the Ice Banjin in 1958 and took over as editor-in-chief of the Qapqal News in 1985. [1] The paper has a total staff of 25 people; however, all but two lack a formal journalism education background and 20 only have a middle-school or lower educational background. [3]
From 1946 to 1954, the newspaper had to be written out by hand and mimeographed. In 1954, the paper was manually typeset using movable lead type, a practise which continued up until 2007. The editors had long hoped to move to digital typesetting and printing, but were delayed by lack of both software and hardware. [3] Researcher Tungga Cingfu (佟加·庆夫, Tóngjiā Qìngfū) spent over ten years starting in 1994 to do research on the Xibe and Manchu languages and develop further fonts, input methods and related software, as well as write and submit standards documents, with the aid of a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [7] Initial versions of the software were unsatisfactory because they only supported three typefaces and so the editors continue to wait for further development. [1]
The government of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture contributed ¥150,000 (US$24.000) in 2002 to upgrade the newspaper's printing facilities. [3] A further governmental contribution of ¥800,000 (US$170.000) in 2007 enabled the newspaper to upgrade its aging equipment: new equipment they purchased included a hectography machine, a scanner, industrial staplers and paper cutting machines, a blade sharpener, three digital cameras, two digital video cameras, nine computers, two multifunction printers, alaser printer and two fax machines. [5]
The Sibe or Xibo are a Tungusic-speaking East Asian ethnic group living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China, and had a recorded population of 190,481 in the 2010 Chinese Census, comprising just over 0.014% of China's total population.
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous prefecture in northern Xinjiang, China. Its capital is Yining, also known as Ghulja or Kulja.
The Ili River is a river in Northwest China and Southeastern Kazakhstan. It flows from the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to the Almaty Region in Kazakhstan.
The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a satellite state of the Soviet Union in northern Xinjiang that existed from 1944 to 1946. It is often described as the Second East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934), but "second" was never a part of its official name.
Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Northern Xinjiang, is the only Xibe autonomous county of China, bordering Kazakhstan's Almaty Region to the west. It has an area of 4,430 square kilometers and a population 160,000 (2000). Qapqal means "the granary" in the Xibe language.
Tacheng Prefecture is located in northern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 98,824 km2 (38,156 sq mi) and a population of 992,444 (2020). It is a part of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. The prefecture level city of Karamay forms a separate enclave in the middle of Tacheng.
Shuiding, formerly Suiding (Suiting) is a town in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China and the county seat of Huocheng County. It is located some 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the northwest of Yining, the main city of the prefecture, and some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Ili River.
Baicheng County as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Bay County, is a county in Aksu Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.
The Xibe language is a Tungusic language spoken by members of the Sibe minority of Xinjiang, in Northwest China.
The Dzungar people are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically, they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled, from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar", and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010, 15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China, Russia and Kazakhstan.
Tong Liya is a Chinese actress of Xibe ethnicity. She first gained recognition in The Queens (2008), followed by roles in the television series Palace (2011), Beijing Love Story (2012), Ordinary World (2015), Nirvana in Fire 2 (2017), Great Expectations (2018), as well as the film How Long Will I Love U (2018).
The General of Ili, also known in western sources as the Kuldya Military Governor, was a position created during the reign of the Qing Qianlong Emperor to "pacify" Dzungaria and suppress uprisings by the Khoja "Rebels". The General of Ili governed the entire Xinjiang during Qing rule until it was turned into a province.
The Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China ruled over Xinjiang from the late 1750s to 1912. In the history of Xinjiang, the Qing rule was established in the final phase of the Dzungar–Qing Wars when the Dzungar Khanate was conquered by the Qing dynasty, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The post of General of Ili was established to govern the whole of Xinjiang and reported to the Lifan Yuan, a Qing government agency that oversaw the empire's frontier regions. Xinjiang was turned into a province in 1884.
The Xinjiang Daily is an official publication of the Xinjiang committee of the Chinese Communist Party and is published daily by Xinjiang Daily Publishing at 1 Yangzijiang Road, Saybagh District, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. The newspaper is notable in that it is published in 4 languages, namely Chinese, which uses Chinese characters, Uyghur, in the Uyghur Arabic alphabet, Mongolian, in the Mongolian script and Kazakh, in the Kazakh Arabic alphabet. The newspaper includes news that focuses on the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region but also includes a small amount of national and international news.
The Ili Turks are a Turkic ethnic group native to Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of northern Xinjiang, China. They speak the Ili Turki language, which belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic languages. The oral history of the Ili Turks says that they came from the Ferghana Valley of Uzbekistan. The Chinese government does not recognize the Ili Turks as a distinct ethnic group in censuses.
Hainuke Temple, known as "Hainukedugang" in Mongolian and "Yinding Temple" (银顶寺) in Chinese, was a temple of Gelug from the time of the Dzungar Khanate.
Qadirbek Qamza is a Chinese politician of Kazakh ethnicity who is the current vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.