Red-flanked bluetail

Red-flanked bluetail
Male
Female
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Muscicapidae
Genus:	Tarsiger
Species:	T. cyanurus
Binomial name
Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas, 1773)
Range of T. cyanurus   Breeding   Resident   Non-breeding
Synonyms
Luscinia cyanura Erithacus cyanurus

The red-flanked bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus), also known as the orange-flanked bush-robin, is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It breeds in mixed coniferous forests in northern Asia, parts of central Asia, and northeastern Europe. It is migratory, wintering mainly in southeast Asia, in the Indian Subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina.

Habitat

The red-flanked bluetail breeds in mixed coniferous forests with undergrowth in northeastern Europe, from northern Sweden east across Siberia to Kamchatka and south to Japan. It winters mainly in southeastern Asia, in the Indian Subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina. The breeding range is slowly expanding westwards through Finland (where up to 500 pairs now breed), and it is a rare but increasing vagrant to Western Europe, mainly to Great Britain. ^{[2] [3] [4]} There have also been a few records in North America, mostly in western Alaska as well as one on San Clemente Island off the southern California coast ^{[5] [6]} and one overwintering on the Central California coast in Santa Cruz, California, in 2023. ^[7] One was also spotted in New Jersey in December 2023. ^[8]

Description

At 13–14 cm long and 10–18 g weight, the red-flanked bluetail is similar in size and weight to the common redstart and slightly smaller (particularly with a slimmer build) than the European robin. As the name implies, both sexes have a blue tail and rump, and orange-red flanks; they also have a white throat and greyish-white underparts, and a small, thin black bill and slender black legs. The adult male additionally has dark blue upperparts, while females and immature males are plain brown above apart from the blue rump and tail, and have a dusky breasts. In behaviour, it is similar to a common redstart, frequently flicking its tail in the same manner, and regularly flying from a perch to catch insects in the air or on the ground. The male sings its melancholy trill from treetops. Its call is a typical chat "tacc" noise. The nest is built on or near the ground, with 3–5 eggs which are incubated by the female. ^{[2] [9]}

Taxonomy and nomenclature

The red-flanked bluetail belongs to a group of insectivorous birds known as chats, that were formerly thought to be thrushes. Genetic analysis showed that they were in fact a type of Old World flycatcher, with the resemblance to thrushes being the result of convergent evolution. ^[10] The genus name Tarsiger is from Ancient Greek tarsos, "flat of the foot" and Latin gerere, "to carry". The specific cyanurus is also derived from Greek, the roots being kuanos, "dark-blue", and oura, "tail". ^[11]

In the past generally treated as comprising two subspecies, T. c. cyanurus breeding in northern Asia and T. c. rufilatus breeding in the Himalaya, it is now increasingly being treated as monotypic, with T. c. rufilatus split off as a distinct species, Himalayan bluetail T. rufilatus. The species has also been known by a variety of English and scientific names in the ornithological literature.

The subspecies albocoeruleus, distributed in north-central China, was described by Wilhelm Meise in 1937. ^[12] It was usually considered invalid, until recognized by Hadoram Shirihai and Lars Svensson in 2018, ^[13] and it is now proposed to be a full species, the Qilian bluetail (T. albocoeruleus), in a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2022. It is distinctive in genetics and vocalisation, but only marginally different in morphology. The males of albocoeruleus have bluer fore-supercilium, and less white than in cyanurus. ^[14]

The table below details the treatments adopted by some major works, by publication date (newest first):

Publication	English name	Scientific name	Taxonomic notes
IOC standard list, version 2.5 [15]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	monotypic; excludes rufilatus
Collins Bird Guide [9]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus
IOC standard list, version 1 [16]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Clements Checklist (6th edition) [17]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Birds of South Asia [18]	Northern red-flanked bush-robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	monotypic; rufilatus split off
HBW [19]	Orange-flanked bush-robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus, although split suggested
Howard & Moore (3rd edition) [20]	Orange-flanked bush robin	Luscinia cyanura	polytypic; includes rufilatus
OBC Checklist [21]	Orange-flanked bush robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Howard & Moore (2nd edition) [22]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
BWP [23]	Red-flanked bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus
Voous [24]	Red-flanked bluetail or orange-flanked bush robin	Tarsiger cyanurus	polytypic; includes rufilatus

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Tarsiger cyanurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T105294257A87892860. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T105294257A87892860.en .
2. del Hoyo, J.; et al., eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.  754. ISBN   84-87334-72-5.
3. British Birds Rarities Committee occurrences, 1950-2006
4. Hudson, N. et al. (2009). Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2008. British Birds 102: 572–573.
5. National Geographic (1999). Field Guide to the Birds of North America 3rd ed. ISBN   0-7922-7451-2.
6. eBird: Red-flanked Bluetail in California (Dec 2011)
7. eBird:eBird Checklist S131890156
8. "A rare sighting has birding enthusiasts from all over flocking to N.J. | Lehigh Valley Nature Watch". 9 December 2023.
9. Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2009) Collins Bird Guide , ed. 2. ISBN   0-00-219728-6, pages 260–1
10. Sangster, George; Alström, Per; Forsmark, Emma; Olsson, Urban (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..380S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID   20656044.
11. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 128, 379. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
12. Meise, W. (1937). Stresemann, E. (ed.). "Aves Beickianae Beiträge zur Ornithologie von Nordwest-Kansu nach den Forschungen von Walter Beick in den Jahren 1926–1933". J. Ornithol. (3): 550–551.
13. Shirihai, Hadoram; Svensson, Lars (2018-08-27). Handbook of Western Palearctic Birds, Volume 1: Passerines: Larks to Warblers. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4729-3758-2.
14. Wei, C.; Sangster, G.; Olsson, U.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Svensson, L.; Yao, C.-T.; Carey, G.J.; Leader, P.J.; Zhang, R.; Chen, G.; Song, G.; Lei, F.; Wilcove, D.S.; Alström, P.; Liu, Y. (2022). "Cryptic species in a colorful genus: Integrative taxonomy of the bush robins (Aves, Muscicapidae, Tarsiger) suggests two overlooked species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175: 107580. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17507580W. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107580 . PMID   35810968. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
15. IOC World Bird List, version 2.5 (2010). Family Muscicapidae Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
16. Gill, Frank and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names ISBN   978-0-7136-7904-5, page 175
17. Clements, James F. (2007) The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World 6th edition ISBN   978-0-8014-4501-9, page 456
18. Rasmussen, Pamela C. and John C. Anderton (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide ISBN   84-87334-67-9, volume 2, page 394
19. del Hoyo, Josep, Andy Elliot & David Christie (2005) Handbook of the Birds of the World volume 10 ISBN   84-87334-72-5, pages 754–5
20. Dickinson, Edward C. (2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 3rd edition ISBN   0-7136-6536-X, page 677
21. Inskipp, Tim, Nigel Lindsey and William Duckworth (1996) An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region ISBN   0-9529545-0-8, page 144
22. Howard, Richard and Alick Moore (1991) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 2nd edition ISBN   0-12-356910-9, page 316
23. Cramp, S. (1988) The Birds of the Western Palearctic volume 5. ISBN   978-0-19-857508-5
24. Voous, Karel H. (1977) List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species ISBN   0-907446-13-2, page 43