Religion in Latin America

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Religion in Latin America (Latinobarómetro 2024) [1]
  1. Catholic (54%)
  2. Protestant (19%)
  3. Unaffiliated (19%)
  4. Other (8%)

Christianity

The Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil is the second largest in the world, after only of the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City. Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida, 2007.jpg
The Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil is the second largest in the world, after only of the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City.

The majority of Latin Americans are Christians (90%), [2] mostly Roman Catholics. [5] [6] Membership in Protestant denominations is increasing, particularly in Brazil, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Puerto Rico. [7] In particular, Pentecostalism has experienced massive growth. [8] [9] This movement is increasingly attracting Latin America's middle classes. [10] Anglicanism also has a long and growing presence in Latin America.

According to the detailed Pew Research Center multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant, rising to 22% in Brazil and over 40% in much of Central America. More than half of these are converts. [11] [12] According to the 2014 Pew survey, the 46 countries and territories of Latin America and the Caribbean comprised, in absolute terms, the world's second-largest Christian population (24%; including U.S., British, Dutch and French territories), after the 50 countries and territories of Europe (26%; including Russia, excluding Turkey), but just before the 51 countries and territories of Sub-Saharan Africa (24%; including Mauritania, excluding Sudan). [13] A 2024 survey by M&R Consultadores found that 36.2% of Latin Americans identified as Catholic, 31% as Nondenominational believers and 27.7% as Protestant. [14]

Arrival of Christianity

Christianity is one of the main religions in Latin America today, but it has not always been like that. Christianity was an idea that Spanish conquistadors brought with them when they came to the New World and something that they attempted to spread once they got there. Converting the native people of the Americas was one of the main objectives of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. [15] Funded by papal grants, Spanish monarchs and conquistadors were incentivized to convert the people of the Americas to Christianity. [15] This conversion of the natives allowed the Spaniards to claim the New World as theirs as they were spreading the word, and it also served to unify the new lands. This conversion and spread of Christianity is called evangelization, and the clergy felt it was their duty to carry out this task. [15]

The Spread

Within this spread, different religious orders took different approaches toward converting the natives. The first of these were the Franciscans. The Fransiciancs believed that emulating Christ would cause the natives to be drawn to Christianity. [15] They relied on the “pursuit of apostolic poverty and charity” and hoped that emulating Christ in their actions would draw the natives towards the religion. [15] The Franciscans also had a slightly different outlook on why conversion was necessary. They believed that the end times would come once Christianity had been spread to all corners of the world. [15] Because of this, they rushed through their conversion and focused more on trying to baptize as many people as possible than making sure that the natives had a deep understanding of the Christian faith. The Dominicans had a very different outlook on conversion. They believed that the people needed to have a deep connection with God before they could be baptized, so they spent more time at each location, making sure that the natives fully understood the word before baptizing them and moving on to the next area. [15] Not only did they have a different outlook on conversion themselves, but also the Natives as people. While the rest of the Spanish world saw them as savages, the Dominicans recognized that they were people and that the Spaniards were no better than them. [16] The Spaniards also sinned against their God, so in the Dominicans’ minds, this made them no different than the natives. [16] They were also the ones who saw the effects of the natives' culture on their conversion, and this was also part of why they spent time at each location, ensuring they did not blend the two religions together. These are just two of the many different religious orders that attempted to convert the Americas to Christianity. While each group had slightly different ways of converting the natives, these two orders give the two overarching ideals behind conversing: slow and focusing on understanding or fast and concentrating on the number of conversions.

Challenges with the Spread of Christianity

While each religious group went about conversion slightly differently, every group faced a similar set of problems. These challenges came in the form of cultural and language barriers. These differences came to a head in a coloquio in 1524. [15] Here, religious leaders from both sides came together and expressed their views on the religious transformation. The Spaniards voiced their views on how the conversion should go, and the natives shared their fears about it. According to one of the Mexican lords, the natives were not opposed to the idea of a new religion or learning aspects of it, but he warned of trying to do too much and to avoid angering the natives' gods. [15] He told them to proceed slowly with great deliberation if they were to continue their conversion. The language barrier was one of the biggest challenges the Spaniards had to overcome. The natives had hundreds of different languages, making it nearly impossible for missionaries to share the word with the different groups. [15] To fix this, missionaries convert parts of the Bible into Nahuatl. [15] This was the lingua franca, the language of government and trade, of most of Mexico and parts of Central America, and it gave them the best way to reach as many people as possible with the least amount of work. [15] The other challenge they faced was cultural. With the natives having such a long and deep history and culture before the Spaniards got there, it was hard to convince them to give up the religion they had been practicing for centuries. This eventually led to a distorted conversion. [16] The natives blended the two religions together and created a hybrid, some of which is still practiced today in Mexico. This blended nature of religion and the adoption of a new religion into old practices is called transculturation. [15] This was especially prevalent in Mexico and their god, Texcatlipoca. Due to the speed at which most areas of Mexico were converted, there were gaps in their knowledge. Because of this, they associated characteristics of their god with the Christian God. [15] While initially missionaries thought this was a good sign and the natives were learning, it led to a distorted view of Christianity where they agreed with certain beliefs and incorporated them into their pre-existing religion. [15] While there was some success with conversion, natives would often reject the ideals altogether or find ways to bend them to fit their old religion. [17] If neither of these things worked, then many would just run away, either to find a new home or back to their old home they had before the Spanish came. [17] This, however, was not all bad. Missionaries could use their love for festivals and rituals to entice people to worship God. [16] It allowed them to blend what they knew the natives liked with what they tried to teach them. [16] This process led to many natives accepting aspects of Christianity, known as syncretism. [16] Syncretism was the blend of both old and new. It was applying the basics they had learned from the missionaries and combining them with their religious customs to make their hybrid religions. [16] Part of the reason for this pushback against the Christian religion was caused by the Spanish. The way they conquered the lands of the Americas and then forced the natives to learn Christianity created the image of a “conquering God” rather than a God of love and peace. [18] This contrasting image caused many to become confused by the differing images the missionaries were portraying and caused the natives to push back against the conversion. [18]

Indigenous and Afro-Latin creeds

Indigenous creeds and rituals are still practiced in countries with large percentages of Amerindians, such as Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. Various Afro-Latin American traditions such as Santería, Candomblé, Umbanda, and Macumba are also practiced, mainly in Cuba and Brazil.

Other world religions

Argentina hosts the largest communities of both Jews (180,000-300,000) [19] [20] [21] and Muslims (500,000-600,000) [22] [23] [24] in Latin America. Brazil is the country with more practitioners in the world of Allan Kardec's Spiritism. Practitioners of Judaism, Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Bahá'í Faith, and Shinto are also present in Latin America. [25]

Statistics

CID-Gallup 2010

Religion in Latin America (2010) [26] [ failed verification ]
Country Christian
(%)
Catholic
(%)
Protestant
(%)
Other religions
(%)
Unaffiliated
(%)
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 85,574,710,83,511,0
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 94,476,018,42,53,1
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 88,764,624,14,38,0
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 82,166,215,92,515,4
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 94,781,713,02,33,0
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 89,970,719,24,06,1
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 50,145,84,37,242,7
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 90,268,921,34,05,8
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 93,180,912,22,34,6
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 81,851,730,12,216,0
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 86,847,139,71,711,5
Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg  Honduras 88,849,839,03,28,0
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 92,082,99,13,44,6
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 83,554,429,13,812,7
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 92,776,016,73,34,0
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 96,188,27,92,31,6
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 93,680,613,03,03,4
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico 92,261,530,71,46,4
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 52,442,89,64,643,0
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 91,475,815,63,35,3

    2014 Pew Research Center data

    Religion in Latin America (2014) [6]
    CountryCatholic (%)Protestant (%)Unaffiliated (%)Other (%)
    Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 89712
    Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 81974
    Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 791362
    Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 791353
    Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 771643
    Flag of Peru.svg Peru 761743
    Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 731774
    Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 7115123
    Flag of Panama.svg Panama 701974
    Flag of Chile.svg Chile 6417163
    Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 622594
    Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 612685
    Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 5723182
    Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico 563382
    Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 5036123
    Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 504163
    Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 504074
    Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras 4641102
    Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 4215376
    Latin America691984

      Number of followers by country (2015 Pew Research Center projections for 2020)

      Caption textNumber of followers by country (2015 Pew Research Center projections for 2020) [27]
      CountriesPopulation TotalChristians %Christian PopulationUnaffiliated %Unaffiliated PopulationOther religions %Other religions Population
      Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 44,830,00085.4%38,420,00012.1%5,320,0002.5%1,090,000
      Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 11,830,00094%11,120,0004.1%480,0001.9%230,000
      Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 210,450,00088.1%185,430,0008.4%17,620,0003.5%7,400,000
      Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 18,540,00088.3%16,380,0009.7%1,800,0002%360,000
      Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 52,160,00092.3%48,150,0006.7%3,510,0001%500,000
      Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 5,270,00090.8%4,780,0008%420,0001.2%70,000
      Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 11,230,00058.9%6,610,00023.2%2,600,00017.9%2,020,000
      Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 11,280,00088%9,930,00010.9%1,230,0001.1%120,000
      Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 16,480,00094%15,490,0005.6%920,0000.4%70,000
      Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 6,670,00088%5,870,00011.2%740,0000.8%60,000
      Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 18,210,00095.3%17,360,0003.9%720,0000.8%130,000
      Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg  Honduras 9,090,00087.5%7,950,00010.5%950,0002%190,000
      Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 126,010,00094.1%118,570,0005.7%7,240,0000.2%200,000
      Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 6,690,00085.3%5,710,00013%870,0001.7%110,000
      Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 4,020,00092.7%3,720,0005%200,0002.3%100,000
      Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 7,630,00096.9%7,390,0001.1%90,0002%150,000
      Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 32,920,00095.4%31,420,0003.1%1,010,0001.5%490,000
      Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 3,490,00057%1,990,00041.5%1,450,0001.5%50,000
      Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 33,010,00089.5%29,540,0009.7%3,220,0000.8%250,000
      Latin America653,390,00089.7%585,850,0008%52,430,0002.3%15,110,000

      Latinobarómetro 2024

      Religion in Latin America (2024) [1]
      CountryCatholic (%)Protestant (%)Unaffiliated (%)
      Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 7270
      Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 72515
      Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 571520
      Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 651913
      Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 63209
      Flag of Peru.svg Peru 64219
      Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 72814
      Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 63920
      Flag of Panama.svg Panama 522911
      Flag of Chile.svg Chile 451737
      Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 522537
      Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 462817
      Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 432825
      Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 403521
      Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 394018
      Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras 364319
      Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 33652
      Latin America541919

      Nicaragua was absent from the survey. [1]

      See also

      References

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      2. 1 2 Christians – Pew Research Center
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      4. Facts of Basilica of Aparecida
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      7. Religion in Latin America Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region
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      10. Koehrsen, Jens (2017-09-01). "When Sects Become Middle Class: Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina". Sociology of Religion. 78 (3): 318–339. doi: 10.1093/socrel/srx030 . ISSN   1069-4404.
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      14. Lazo, Valeria (2024-08-14). "AFILIACIÓN, PARTICIPACIÓN Y PRÁCTICAS RELIGIOSAS EN LATINOAMÉRICA_1RA OLA 2024". M&R_Consultores (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-05.
      15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Orique, David Thomas; Fitzpatrick-Behrens, Susan; Garrard, Virginia, eds. (2020). The Oxford handbook of Latin American Christianity. Oxford handbooks online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-998403-9.
      16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2016). The Cambridge History of Religions in Latin America. Paul Freston, Stephen C. Dove (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-03269-8.
      17. 1 2 González, Ondina E.; González, Justo L. (2008). Christianity in Latin America: a history. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-86329-2.
      18. 1 2 Prien, Hans-J̈urgen; Buckwalter, Stephen E. (2013). Christianity in Latin America. Religion in the Americas series (Rev. and expanded ed.). Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-24207-4.
      19. LeElef, Ner. "World Jewish Population" . Retrieved 2008-01-09.
      20. The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute; Annual Assessment, 2007
      21. United Jewish Communities; Global Jewish Populations Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
      22. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs - Background Note: Argentina
      23. International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Argentina
      24. Árabes y musulmanes en América Latina
      25. LANIC religion page
      26. The Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES) PROLADES Religion in America by country
      27. "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.

      Further reading