Rhizocarpales

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Rhizocarpales
Rhizocarpon superficiale - Flickr - pellaea (2).jpg
Rhizocarpon superficiale in Mokelumne Wilderness, California
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Subclass: Lecanoromycetidae
Order: Rhizocarpales
Miądl. & Lutzoni ex Miądl. & Lutzoni (2016)
Type genus
Rhizocarpon
Ramond ex DC. (1805)
Families

Rhizocarpaceae
Sporastatiaceae

Synonyms
  • Sporastatiales Lumbsch & Leavitt (2018)

Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. [1] It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

Contents

Taxonomy

The order was originally proposed by lichenologists Jolanta Miądlikowska and Francois Lutzoni in 2007, following a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Lecanoromycetes. [2] However, the name was not validly published according to article 32.1(d) of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, because it was not "accompanied by a description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis". The authors published the name validly in 2016. [1]

In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a then-recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks in the Lecanoromycetes, suggesting that groups of species that diverged within the temporal band of 176–194 myr (million years ago) represent orders. They proposed to split the Rhizocarpales into two orders, the Rhizocarpales sensu stricto , and the Sporastatiales, reasoning that these groups split from each other at 208 myr, outside the temporal band they set for orders. [3] This split was not accepted in a later critical analysis of the temporal phylogenetic approach to fungal classification. [4]

Description

Rhizocarpales species are mostly lichenized, with a few lichenicolous species. They have a crustose thallus that is often underlain by a black prothallus. The photobiont partner is chlorococcoid–a spherical, single-celled green algal species. The ascomata are in the form of an apothecium that is either immersed in the substrate or sessile, lecideine or emarginate. The hamathecium (i.e., the hyphae between the asci) consist of unbranched, amyloid paraphyses in the Sporastatiaceae, and branched and anastomosing paraphyses in the Rhizocarpaceae. The asci are semifissitunicate, meaning that the two walls of the ascus do not completely separate during the discharge of the ascospore. Asci have an amyloid tholus (the thickened inner part of the apex of the ascus), which, in the Sporastatiaceae, lacks other structures; in the Rhizocarpaceae, the tholus is weakly amyloid with a stronger amyloid cap. Ascospores number 1 to 8 in the Rhizocarpaceae, to many (about 100) in the Sporastatiaceae. The ascospores are non-septate in the Sporastatiaceae or transversally septate to muriform in the Rhizocarpaceae. In both families, they are ellipsoid, hyaline to dark brown, and non-amyloid. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia. Secondary chemicals associated with the Rhizocarpales include depsides, depsidones, and chemical derivatives of pulvinic acid. [1]

Habitat

Rhizocarpales species grow on rocks, or are lichenicolous on other lichens that grow on rocks. In a few instances they are epiphytic on bark. [1]

Families and genera

As of September 2021, Species Fungorum accepts 2 families, 6 genera, and 84 species in the Rhizocarpales. [5]

Catolechia – 1 sp.
Epilichen – 2 spp.
Poeltinula – 2 spp.
Rhizocarpon – 75 spp.
Sporastatia – 4 spp.
Toensbergia – 1 sp.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladoniaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanorales</span> Order of fungi

The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanoraceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Lecanoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichinaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baeomycetales</span> Order of fungi

The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

<i>Pycnora</i> Genus of lichen

Pycnora is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pycnoraceae. It contains three species. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 2001; the family was proposed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Candelariaceae</span> Family of lichens

Candelariaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Candelariales. It contains seven genera and about 73 species. The family was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Rainar Hakulinen in 1954 to contain the type genus, Candelaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpaceae</span> Family of fungi

Rhizocarpaceae is a family of crustose, lecideoid, lichen-forming fungi and together with the family Sporastatiaceae it constitutes the order Rhizocarpales in the Ascomycota, class Lecanoromycetes.

<i>Rhizocarpon</i> Genus of lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae

Rhizocarpon is a genus of crustose, saxicolous, lecideoid lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The genus is common in arctic-alpine environments, but also occurs throughout temperate, subtropical, and even tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common map lichen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tephromelataceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Lecanorales

The Tephromelataceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The family was circumscribed by Austrian lichenologist Josef Hafellner in 1984. Tephromelataceae comprises the genera Tephromela, Calvitimela, Mycoblastus and Violella, which together constitute a well-supported monophyletic group.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia</i> Genus of fungi

Neoprotoparmelia is a genus of crustose lichens that was created in 2018. It contains 24 tropical and subtropical species that mostly grow on bark. Neoprotoparmelia is in the subfamily Protoparmelioideae of the family Parmeliaceae, along with the morphologically similar genera Protoparmelia and Maronina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapeliaceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales

Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.

<i>Solenopsora</i> Genus of lichen

Solenopsora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Catillariaceae. It has 15 species, with a mostly Northern Hemisphere distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sporastatiaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Sporastatiaceae is a small family of crustose lichens in the order Rhizocarpales. It contains two genera, Sporastatia and Toensbergia, with a total of five species. Sporastatiaceae was circumscribed in 2013 by Mika Bendiksby and Ernst Timdal.

<i>Sporastatia</i> Genus of lichens

Sporastatia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Sporastatiaceae. It has four species. Sporastatia lichens are long-lived species that grow on siliceous or weakly calcareous rocks in arctic and alpine locales.

<i>Carbonicola</i> (lichen) Genus of lichens

Carbonicola is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the monogeneric family Carbonicolaceae. The genus, which collectively has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, contains three squamulose lichens that prefer to grow on burned wood in temperate areas of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massalongiaceae</span> Genus of lichens

Massalongiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. It has three genera and seven species.

Harpidiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi, containing two genera and five species. It is of uncertain classification in the Pezizomycotina.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID   90258634.
  2. ↑ Miądlikowska, Jolanta; Kauff, Frank; Hofstetter, Valérie; Fraker, Emily; Grube, Martin; Hafellner, Josef (2006). "New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes". Mycologia. 98 (6): 1088–1103. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832636. PMID   17486983. S2CID   218587855.
  3. ↑ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z. S2CID   40674310.
  4. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517. S2CID   202859785.
  5. ↑ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Rhizocarpales". Catalog of Life Version 2021-09-21. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  6. ↑ Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae" [Studies in the direction of a more natural division of the collective families Lecanoraceae and Lecideaceae]. Nova Hedwigia (in German). 79: 242–366.
  7. ↑ Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Ernst (2013). "Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of Hypocenomyce sensu lato (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes) — extreme polyphyly and morphological/ecological convergence". Taxon. 62 (5): 940–956. doi: 10.12705/625.18 .
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