Rick Alan Ross

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Rick Alan Ross
Rick Ross 2014.jpg
Born1952 (age 71–72)
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Occupation(s)Deprogrammer, cult specialist, founder and executive director of the Cult Education Institute
Website culteducation.com

Rick Alan Ross (b. 1952) is an American deprogrammer, cult specialist, and founder and executive director of the nonprofit Cult Education Institute. [1] He frequently appears in the news and other media discussing groups some consider cults. [2] [3] Ross has intervened in more than 500 deprogramming cases in various countries. [4] [5]

Contents

Ross faced criminal charges of unlawful imprisonment over a 1991 forcible deprogramming of United Pentecostal Church International member Jason Scott; a jury acquitted him at trial. In 1995, a civil lawsuit filed by Scott resulted in a multimillion-dollar judgement against Ross and his co-defendants. Later, Ross and Scott reached a settlement in which Ross agreed to pay Scott US$5,000 and provide 200 hours of professional services at no charge.

Ross was the only deprogrammer to work with members of the Branch Davidians prior to the Waco siege; some scholars later criticized his involvement with the siege. [6] [7]

Early life

Ross was born in 1952 in Cleveland, Ohio, and moved to Phoenix, Arizona in 1956. His mother worked for the Jewish Community Center and his father was a plumber. [8] He was raised and went to school in Arizona with the exception of one year that he was sent to the Camden Military Academy in South Carolina. He graduated from Phoenix Union High School in 1971. [9]

After high school, Ross worked for two years at a finance company and at a bank. In his twenties, during a period of unemployment, he got into legal trouble. In 1974, he was charged, along with a friend, for the attempted burglary of a model home. He pleaded guilty to trespassing and was sentenced to probation. [10] [8] In 1975, he was charged with grand theft, again with a friend, for embezzling over $50,000 worth of jewelry from a shop where the friend worked. All the stolen items were returned to the store; he pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to four more years of probation, which was terminated early. [10] [11] While he was on probation, he worked for a cousin's car salvage business. [8] During an interview with the New York Daily News in 2004, Ross said, "I was young and foolish and made mistakes that I deeply regret. I did whatever the court required, completed my probation in 1979, and the guilty verdicts were vacated in 1983. I have gone on with my life and never again got in that kind of trouble." [12]

Career

Ross became concerned about extremist organizations in 1982 when he learned that a fringe religious group had encouraged missionaries to become employees at his grandmother's nursing home where they were targeting elderly residents [13] for conversion to Messianic Judaism. [10] According to Ross, the missionaries were threatening Jewish residents, many of whom had survived persecution in Europe, that they would burn in hell if they did not convert. [11] Ross told this to the home's director and the local Jewish community and campaigned to have the group's activities stopped. [14] [10]

Following the incident at his grandmother's nursing home, Ross continued his involvement in the organized Jewish community and worked with the Jewish Federation of Greater Phoenix to write a brochure on the cult phenomenon in Arizona. [15] [16] This led the Union for Reform Judaism to appoint Ross to two national committees focused on cults and inter-religious affairs [14] and he also volunteered as a lecturer and researcher for the denomination. [8]

In 1983, Ross started working for Jewish Family and Children's Services (JFCS) in Phoenix as the coordinator for the Jewish Prisoners Program, which he founded. [14] His work in the prison system covered social services for Jewish inmates, advocating for their religious rights, and providing education regarding hate groups. [11] [17] In addition, he chaired the Coalition of Jewish Prisoners Programs, the umbrella organization for an international group of human services agencies providing assistance to Jewish inmates and their families. [17] He also served on the religious advisory committee for the Arizona Department of Corrections and was later elected as its chairman. [18] From his work in the prison system, Ross discovered that prisoners were a prime target for cult groups and through his role on the religious advisory committee, he helped develop a policy on proselytizing to inmates. [14] He also worked for Phoenix Bureau of Jewish Education, designing a curriculum and teaching. [9]

In 1986, Ross left JFCS to become a full-time private consultant and deprogrammer, a role which has been widely criticized. [9] [8] [lower-alpha 1] Despite involving himself in many coercive interventions against individuals involved in new religious movements, Ross has no education or credentials in religion and no formal training in counselling or psychology. [22] [23] Ross worked as a deprogrammer with the Cult Awareness Network (CAN). [24]

In 1989, the CBS television program 48 Hours covered Ross's deprogramming of a 14-year-old boy, Aaron Paron, a member of the Potter's House Christian Fellowship. [25] [26] According to his mother, when she distanced herself from the church, Aaron began viewing her as "possessed by the devil"; he became suicidal and ran away from home, refusing to leave the organization. [26] [27] Aaron's mother had made multiple calls to the police and, prior to filming, Potter's House entered into an agreement that they would not have contact with or harbor the minor, entice him away from his mother, attempt to influence his behavior, or take any action that would interfere with his mother's parental rights. [26] The program focused on Ross's efforts to persuade the boy to view Potter's House as "a destructive Bible-based group" which took control of its members' lives. According to a review in The New York Times , the 48-hour intervention apparently persuaded Aaron that his mother was not possessed by the Devil and that Potter's House was not what it seemed. In a closing scene filmed three weeks later, Aaron's psychologist assured his mother that Aaron was "back in the land of the living now". [25]

Waco siege

In 1987, Ross deprogrammed two former members of the Branch Davidians in upstate New York, and in 1988 began receiving calls about the Davidian group led by David Koresh in Waco, Texas. [10] [28] Ross was the only deprogrammer to work with Branch Davidian members prior to the 1993 siege at Waco. [29] The CBS television network hired Ross as an on-scene analyst for their coverage of the Waco siege and he was consulted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as well. [5] [10]

Criticism of government agencies' involvement with Ross has come from Nancy Ammerman, a professor of sociology of religion, who cited FBI interview notes which stated Ross "has a personal hatred for all religious cults". She further stated the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and FBI did rely on Ross when he recommended that agents "attempt to publicly humiliate Koresh, hoping to drive a wedge between him and his followers". [6] Other scholars of religion also criticized Ross' involvement. [28] [6] [7]

Jason Scott deprogramming

Ross faced unlawful imprisonment charges over a 1991 forcible deprogramming of United Pentecostal Church International member Jason Scott, whose mother was referred to Ross by the CAN. [30] Ross was acquitted of these charges by the jury at trial. [31] [30]

Scott later filed a civil suit against Ross, two of his associates and CAN in federal court. In September 1995, a nine-member jury unanimously held the defendants liable for conspiracy to deprive Scott of his civil rights and religious liberties. In addition, the jury held that Ross and his associates (but not CAN) "intentionally or recklessly acted in a way so outrageous in character and so extreme in degree as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community." The case resulted in an award of $875,000 in compensatory damages and punitive damages in the amount of $5 million against Ross, $1M against CAN, and $250,000 against each of Ross's two other co-defendants. The case bankrupted the CAN, and a coalition of groups that were attacked by the CAN bought its assets, and ran a new version of the CAN which become active in religious freedom causes. [32] [33] [34] According to Eugene Gallagher, the Scott case marked a watershed for non-traditional religions in North America. [33] [35]

Scott later reconciled with his mother, who had originally hired Ross to deprogram him. Scott terminated his lawyer, Kendrick Moxon, a prominent Scientologist attorney, [36] and was persuaded by his mother to settle with Ross. Under the terms of the settlement, the two agreed that Ross would pay Scott $5,000 and provide 200 hours of his professional services. [37] The settlement between Scott and Ross was leaked to the Washington Post , which reportedly angered Scott. [37] Graham Berry, his new attorney, said that "it would be a mistake to assume that Scott's decision to make use of Ross' time was a vindication of Ross or his deprogramming methods", and refused to say what services Ross would supply under the agreement. [37] According to the book American Countercultures, Ross and others forwarded the notion that charismatic leaders were able to brainwash college-aged youths, and that such cases were in need of forcible removal from the cult environment and deprogramming. [38] In a book that Ross self-published in 2014, he wrote that after the Scott case he stopped involuntary deprogramming work with adults, [39] : 196  advising against such interventions with adults because of the risk of legal consequences. [39] : xiv 

Other activities

Ross started a website with his archives in 1996. [1] Launched under the name "Rick A. Ross Institute for the Study of Destructive Cults, Controversial Groups, and Movements", and later renamed "Cult Education Institute", it displayed material on controversial groups and movements and their leaders, including Charles Manson, Jim Jones, David Koresh, as well as the Westboro Baptist Church on which Ross had been collecting data since 1993. [1] Content from the website and Ross' opinion surrounding it has been cited in books such as Andrew Breitbart and Mark Ebner's Hollywood, Interrupted in which Ross is quoted as forwarding the notion that Hollywood and the entertainment industry are rife with connections to controversial groups, and that celebrities as role models may influence people by their endorsement of such groups. [40] According to Ann E. Robertson, the Institute "is an unusual source of considerable information about rather obscure groups". [41]

By 2004, Ross had handled more than 350 deprogramming cases in various countries [8] and testified as an expert witness in several court cases. [8] [42] [43] He has also contributed to a number of books, including a foreword to Tim Madigan's See No Evil [44] and a chapter to Roman Espejo's Cults: Opposing Viewpoints. [45]

In 2004, after Ross obtained copies of NXIVM's training manuals from a former participant who had signed a nondisclosure agreement with NXIVM, Ross posted some content from the manuals along with his critiques on his website. For publishing parts of their manuals, NXIVM sued Ross's Cult Education Institute for copyright infringement. In NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute , the use of the material for critique was ruled transformative and therefore fair use. [46] In 2019, Ross testified in the racketeering, sex trafficking, forced labor and conspiracy trial of NXIVM's leader Keith Raniere as a cult expert who had spent years dealing with NXIVM, where Ross stated that NXIVM's teachings were not self-help but rather a cult of personality. [47]

In June 2004, Landmark Education filed a 1 million dollar lawsuit against the institute, alleging that postings on its websites which characterized Landmark as a cultish organization that brainwashed their clients damaged Landmark's product. [3] Landmark filed to dismiss its own lawsuit with prejudice, in December 2005, purportedly on the grounds of a material change in case law after the publication of an opinion in another case, Donato v. Moldow, regarding the Communications Decency Act of 1996, even though Ross wanted to continue the case in order to further investigate Landmark's materials and their history of suing critics. [3] Ross stated that he does not see Landmark as a cult because they have no individual leader, but he considers them harmful because subjects are harassed and intimidated, causing potentially unsafe levels of stress. [3]

The Cult Education Institute has its own YouTube channel, since January 2015, with over 70 videos and 25,000 subscribers as of 2023. [48] Ross was part of the creative team at Ubisoft for the 2018 video game Far Cry 5 , involving a fictional doomsday cult. [49] [50] Ross has been interviewed for various documentaries on cults and other allegedly exploitative organizations, including: The Vow , season 1, episode 6, "Honesty & Disclosure" (2020, HBO), about Catherine Oxenberg and the NXIVM cult; [51] Seduced: Inside the NXIVM Cult (2020, Starz), about the same; [2] The Rise and Fall of LuLaRoe (2021, Discovery+), which examined a controversial multi-level marketing company; [52] [53] and a 2021 video piece for the YouTube channel of American magazine Vanity Fair , on cults in films and television. [54]

In 2013, the organization was renamed from Rick A. Ross Institute to Cult Education Institute, and the domain name rickross.com was retired. [55]

Notes

  1. ↑ Deprogramming is a controversial tactic. Sociologists Anson Shupe and David Bromley note that deprogramming involves "kidnappings, forcible detentions, and exorcism-like rituals" of unwilling participants. [19] According to John E. LeMoult, deprogramming is often "far more like 'brainwashing' than the conversion process by which members join various sects." [20] Key court cases have found deprogramming to be illegal for violating the constitutional rights of members of new religious movements. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Branch Davidians</span> Cult known for the Waco siege of 1993

The Branch Davidians are a Christian sect founded in 1955 by Benjamin Roden. They regard themselves as a continuation of the General Association of Davidian Seventh-Day Adventists, established by Victor Houteff in 1935. They have often been described as a doomsday cult.

Deprogramming is a controversial tactic that seeks to dissuade someone from "strongly held convictions" such as religious beliefs. Deprogramming purports to assist a person who holds a particular belief system—of a kind considered harmful by those initiating the deprogramming—to change those beliefs and sever connections to the group associated with them. Typically, people identifying themselves as deprogrammers are hired by a person's relatives, often parents of adult children. The subject of the deprogramming is usually forced to undergo the procedure, which might last days or weeks, against their will.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cult Awareness Network</span> 1978–1996 American organization

The Cult Awareness Network (CAN) was an anti-cult organization founded by deprogrammer Ted Patrick that provided information on groups it considered "cults", as well as support and referrals to deprogrammers. It operated from the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waco siege</span> 1993 US law enforcement siege in Texas

The Waco siege, also known as the Waco massacre, was the siege by U.S. federal government and Texas state law enforcement officials of a compound belonging to the religious cult known as the Branch Davidians, between February 28 and April 19, 1993. The Branch Davidians, led by David Koresh, were headquartered at Mount Carmel Center ranch in unincorporated McLennan County, Texas, 13 miles northeast of Waco. Suspecting the group of stockpiling illegal weapons, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) obtained a search warrant for the compound and arrest warrants for Koresh and several of the group's members.

Galen G. Kelly is a "deprogrammer", associated with the Cult Awareness Network. He served as CAN's "security advisor." Prior to this he was a director for the Citizens' Freedom Foundation, a precursor to the CAN. Kelly was raised in Accord, New York.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Roden</span> American leader of the Branch Davidians

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<i>Jason Scott case</i> Case against a deprogrammer

The Jason Scott case was a United States civil suit, brought against deprogrammer Rick Ross, two of his associates, and the Cult Awareness Network (CAN), for the abduction and failed deprogramming of Jason Scott, a member of the United Pentecostal Church International. Scott was eighteen years old at the time of the abduction and thus legally an adult. CAN was a co-defendant because a CAN contact person had referred Scott's mother to Rick Ross. In the trial, Jason Scott was represented by Kendrick Moxon, a prominent Scientologist attorney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Koresh</span> American religious cult leader (1959–1993)

David Koresh was an American cult leader who played a central role in the Waco siege of 1993. As the head of the Branch Davidians, a religious sect, Koresh claimed to be its final prophet. His apocalyptic Biblical teachings, including interpretations of the Book of Revelation and the Seven Seals, attracted various followers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kendrick Moxon</span> American Scientology official

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Steven Emil Schneider was an American Branch Davidian commonly called a "lieutenant" to David Koresh, the leader of the new religious movement. He was formally married to Judy Schneider, but in the community Koresh impregnated Judy and she bore a child with him. Steve Schneider was raised in a Seventh-day Adventist household in Wisconsin. Schneider studied at Newbold College in the United Kingdom, and eventually worked to receive a Ph.D. in comparative religion at the University of Hawaiʻi. In approximately 1986, Schneider encountered Marc Breault, an indigenous Hawaiian Branch Davidian, and converted to Branch Davidianism.

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Sheila Judith Martin is an American Branch Davidian and a survivor of the Waco siege. She was the wife of Douglas Wayne Martin, a Harvard-educated lawyer, who died in the April 19, 1993, fire that destroyed Mount Carmel Center. Four out of her seven children died in the fire: Wayne Joseph, 20; Anita, 18; Sheila Renee, 15; and Lisa Martin, 13. In September 1993, she received custody of James Martin (1982–1998) who has cerebral palsy and is blind because of a meningitis infection at 4 months old. By 1994, she obtained custody in Texas state court of her two other children – Daniel and Kimberly.

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Why Waco?: Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America is a 1995 non-fiction book written by James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher on the Waco siege and the anti-cult movement in America. It was published by the University of California Press. The same press reprinted it in 1997 in paperback. The appendix of the book contains an unfinished manuscript written by David Koresh, the leader of the Branch Davidians, on the Seven seals in the Book of Revelation. The appendix has a preface written by Tabor and J. Phillip Arnold. The manuscript was obtained from a survivor of the fire, Ruth Riddle. The final pages of the book provide a list of Branch Davidians who died in the 28 February 1993 raid, the 19 April 1993 fire, and who survived.

Ruth Ottman Riddle is a Canadian Branch Davidian and survivor of the Waco siege. Riddle was raised in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. She was born as Ruth Ellen Ottman. Riddle was one of nine survivors of the 19 April 1993 fire that destroyed the Mount Carmel Center and most of its occupants. She carried with her after leaving the compound a copy of David Koresh's final incomplete manuscript which after creating he agreed to leave. It was reprinted in James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher's book Why Waco?: Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America. She was married to another Branch Davidian, James Loyle Riddle, who died in the 19 April 1993 fire. Her niece, Misty Dawn Ferguson, survived the fire as well. She was formerly of Tweed, Ontario. However, other sources indicate she is from Oshawa, Ontario.

Dana Okimoto is an American former Branch Davidian. She moved to Waco, Texas, from Los Angeles, California, in approximately 1988 with Robyn Bunds, a former Branch Davidian turned critic. She is originally from Hawaii and is a registered psychiatric nurse at Kaneohe State Hospital, and remarried to Roy Kiyabu, a chef, as of 2003. She gave birth to Sky or Skye Borne Okimoto and Scooter Okimoto, who are both children of David Koresh, the leader of the Branch Davidians.

Charles J. Pace is the current leader of The Branch, The Lord Our Righteousness, the supposed successor group of the Branch Davidians after 1993. According to the Toronto Star, he is from Collingwood, Canada. He joined the Branch Davidians in the 1980s, but he left before the Waco siege that destroyed the Mt. Carmel center. He claims to be the successor to David Koresh as the prophet of the Branch Davidians. He returned to Waco, Texas, in 1994 after having left the Mount Carmel Center in the mid-1980s in order to start his own religious movement. He is trained as a reflexologist, nutritionist and colon therapist, according to the Toronto Star. A tractor reportedly amputated his foot sometime before April 2013. National Public Radio and other news sources note that he is an herbalist and gardener. He is married to Alex Pace and has two children, Michael and Angela Pace.

Brad Eugene Branch is an American former Branch Davidian who was charged and convicted of aiding and abetting voluntary manslaughter of federal agents during the 1993 Waco siege and weapons charges. He was sentenced to ten years in prison for the voluntary manslaughter charge and thirty years for the weapons charges. Originally, the charge of carrying a firearm during a violent crime was based on a conspiracy to murder charge, on which Branch and other Davidians were acquitted, but federal prosecutors asked U.S. District Judge Walter Smith to reinstate the weapons charges, which he did. The Branch Davidians, including Brad Branch, attempted to appeal the charges, but the appeals were turned down in 1997. The United States Supreme Court agreed to hear appellate arguments from the Branch Davidians, including Branch, in 2000. In response to the Supreme Court's ruling that Smith overstepped his power in his sentencing, he reduced his and other Davidians' sentences to five years for the weapons charges.

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  49. ↑ Kain, Erik (October 26, 2017). "Go Behind-the-scenes in This Far Cry 5 Making of a Cult Video". Forbes . Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  50. ↑ Axiak, Damien; Ross, Rick Alan (March 27, 2018). "Far Cry 5: Rick Ross on ways destructive cults rise to power". Nine.com.au . Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  51. ↑ Whittle, Andrea (November 21, 2020). "Can't Get Enough of the NXIVM Story? Time to Watch Seduced". W . Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  52. ↑ "The Rise and Fall of LuLaRoe – Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide . "Appearaing: Rick Ross – Self – Cult Expert" entry. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  53. ↑ Sarachan, Risa (December 13, 2021). "The Rise and Fall of LuLaRoe Investigates Scandal Behind Marketing Company". Forbes . Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  54. ↑ Ross, Rick Alan (October 15, 2021). Cult Deprogrammer Breaks Down Cults In Movies & TV. Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 5, 2023– via YouTube.
  55. ↑ "The Ross Institute has officially changed its name". Cult News. August 2, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
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