Satwiwa

Last updated
Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center
Satwiwa
Established1980
Location4126 1 W. Potrero Road, Newbury Park, CA 91320
TypeCulture Center
National Park
Public transit access Thousand Oaks Transit (TOT)
Website Official websites

Satwiwa (Chumash: "the bluffs") was a former Chumash village in the Santa Monica Mountains of Newbury Park, California. The current Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center is operated by the National Park Service in cooperation with the Friends of Satwiwa. [1] Satwiwa has been inhabited by Chumash Indians for over 10,000 years. [2] [3] It is situated at the foothills of Boney Mountain, a sacred mountain for the Chumash.

Contents

Bordering thousands of acres of wilderness in the Santa Monica Mountains, the fauna surrounding Satwiwa includes golden eagles, mountain lions, Valley coyotes, snakes, bobcats, foxes, falcons, and hawks. [4] [5]

The main trail from Satwiwa is nicknamed "the backdoor to the Point Mugu State Park". [6] [7] [8] Satwiwa is one of the four primary entrances to the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. [9]

Etymology

Satwiwa is Chumashan and directly translates to "the bluffs." [10] [11] [12] [7] By strict definition, the name, which also can translate to "higher places", originally referred to the neighboring mountain, known as Boney Mountain. [13] Satwiwa (Sat-wi'wa) was also the Chumashan name used for a former village near the current culture center. [14] [15] [16] The original Chumash village was just north of Big Sycamore Canyon in southern Newbury Park, at the foothills of Mount Boney. [17]

Background

National Park map. RSV Trail Map.pdf
National Park map.

Satwiwa is adjacent to the Santa Monica Mountains and Rancho Sierra Vista [18] [12] within the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. [19] [20] [21] It is situated at the western end of the Santa Monica Mountains of Newbury Park, California and borders National Park land. Satwiwa and surrounding areas have been inhabited by the Chumash people for over 10,000 years. The site of the former Native American village has been developed as a nature center. It includes a Chumash Indian demonstration area, where Native American docents or park rangers are available for presentations during weekends. Art shows, ceremonies, and interactive exhibits also take place at Satwiwa. Hiking trails connect to the larger Point Mugu State Park, including trails to nearby waterfalls in the Santa Monica Mountains. [2]

Satwiwa (meaning "bluffs") and surrounding Point Mugu State Park (Mugu derives from the Chumashan word "muwu", meaning beach) make up 16,000 acres at the northwest edge of the Santa Monica Mountains. The landscape is characterized by the dramatic backdrops of Boney Mountain, rocky canyons, coastal shrubs, creekbeds, oak and sycamore trees, rolling green slopes, and chaparral. A multitude of trails connect to open-space areas such as the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Los Robles Open Space, Dos Vientos Open Space, Circle X Ranch, Ventu Park, and others. [22]

History

Satwiwa is located in the foothills of Boney Mountain, which is sacred to the Chumash. Boney peak.jpg
Satwiwa is located in the foothills of Boney Mountain, which is sacred to the Chumash.

Native Americans have lived in the area for over 10,000 years. With a hunting and gathering lifestyle based on the abundance of foods in the area, they fished in the Pacific Ocean and hunted deer and rabbits in the canyons. They also gathered acorns from the surrounding oak trees, which they ground to process for food, often combining them with roots or berries. The thriving tribes lived in the center of a commerce that extended up and down the coast, as far west as the California Channel Islands. [3]

In the mid-1500s, the Spaniards were the first Europeans to encounter the native peoples. During colonization, the Spanish established various nearby missions to claim the territory for Spain. With the arrival of the Spanish, the village of Satwiwa was absorbed within Rancho El Conejo. [23] [24]

Native Americans of Chumash, Tataviam, Tongva and Vanyume ancestries now organize programs at Satwiwa Center in order to keep traditions alive. There they showcase their culture through a variety of contemporary programs, arts and displays. Traditional and religious ceremonies and dances are still held at Satwiwa Center. [25] [26]

The site of Satwiwa was purchased by the U.S. National Park Service in 1980 and a cultural center was developed there. [27] Situated in the Santa Monica Mountains of Newbury Park, California, the Satwiwa Native-American Indian Culture Center is operated in partnership between the Chumash and the U.S. National Park Service. The center offers a diverse range of educational lectures and workshops, Native American art displays, and more. [28]

Chumash Indians

Chumash flute player at Satwiwa. Satwiwa chumash gathering.png
Chumash flute player at Satwiwa.

The Ventureño Chumash Indians first settled in Satwiwa 13,000 years ago, [29] and lived in the village as recently as 2,000 years ago. [30] The village served as a post for travelers and traders who crossed the Santa Monica Mountains through the Sycamore Canyon in order to get from the Conejo Valley to the Mugu Lagoon and the Pacific Ocean. [31] [12] [32] [17] The Chumash traded with the Gabrieleño-Tongva Indians, who mostly lived in areas of Los Angeles County. [10] [12] Numerous Chumash artifacts and petroglyphs have been discovered in the surrounding area, particularly along the Arroyo Conejo on its way to its estuary in the Mugu Lagoon. [33] [34] Satwiwa is situated at the foothills of Boney Mountain, which is a sacred mountain for the Chumash people. [35] [30] Many of the artifacts are for display at the Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center and the Chumash exhibit at the Stagecoach Inn Museum in Newbury Park, [36] as well as at the Chumash Indian Museum in Thousand Oaks.

Satwiwa is still regularly used by Native-American groups, particularly by the Chumash Barbareño-Ventureño Band of Mission Indians for events such as community dancing and celebrations of various ceremonies, e.g. summer solstice and the Hutash ceremony. [37] [1] [38]

The original inhabitants of the village of Satwiwa recognized Boney Mountain as the sacred home of all of creation. [39] The peak remains sacred to the Chumash people today. [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] The cultural center houses a Chumash demonstration village which sits across the path from the center. This reconstructed Chumash village houses the traditionally made ‘ap (houses). It is particularly visited during weekends when Native-American teachers and National Park rangers are present. [45]

Recreation

A Chumash 'ap (house) at the demonstration village. Reconstructed Chumash house 04912.jpg
A Chumash 'ap (house) at the demonstration village.

Over 100 miles of trails can be found within Point Mugu State Park, which is one of California’s largest state parks. Almost half the state park’s total area make up Boney Mountain State Wilderness Area, a natural wilderness surrounding Mount Boney, a sacred mountain to the Chumash people. Several trails lead to a series of cascades, mountain overlooks, and some cross the Santa Monica Mountains leading to the coast of Point Mugu. [46] While Old Boney Loop leads from Satwiwa to the heart of the Boney Mountain State Wilderness, the shorter hike to Sycamore Canyon Waterfall is 3.5 miles roundtrip from the Satwiwa Native American Culture Center. Sycamore Canyon Waterfall consists of a 70-foot series of cascades near a tree-covered creek bed. [47]

There are numerous overlapping trails throughout the surrounding area, and trails are utilized by both runners, hikers, equestrians, mountain bikers, and others. [48]

Wildlife

Coyote at Rancho Sierra Vista. Coyote at Rancho Sierra Vista (19908851170).jpg
Coyote at Rancho Sierra Vista.

Adjacent to national park land - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area - wildlife is in abundance near Satwiwa. Commonly encountered species include rabbits, coyotes, deer, prairie falcons, roadrunners, hawks, golden eagles, foxes, and raccoons. [45]

The surrounding area is home of a variety of wildlife, including rattlesnakes and mountain lions. [49]

Mammals

Gray Fox. Urocyon cinereoargenteus grayFox cameo.jpg
Gray Fox.

The surrounding Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (SMMNRA) is home to more than 45 species of mammals. List of mammals found in SMMNRA: [50]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thousand Oaks, California</span> City in California, United States

Thousand Oaks is the second-largest city in Ventura County, California, located in the northwestern part of Greater Los Angeles. Approximately 15 miles (24 km) from the city of Los Angeles and 40 miles (64 km) from Downtown Los Angeles, it is named after the many oak trees present in the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Monica Mountains</span> Mountain range of the Transverse Ranges in California, United States

The Santa Monica Mountains are a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges. The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area encompasses this mountain range. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conejo Valley</span> Region in Southern California, United States

The Conejo Valley is a region spanning both southeastern Ventura County and northwestern Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States. It is located in the northwestern part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.

Newbury Park is a populated place and town in Ventura County, California, United States. Most of it lies within the western Thousand Oaks city limits, while unincorporated areas include Casa Conejo and Ventu Park. The town is located in Southern California around 8 miles (13 km) from the Pacific Ocean and has a mild year-round climate, scenic mountains, and environmental preservation. About 28,000 residents of Thousand Oaks reside in Newbury Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stagecoach Inn (California)</span> United States historic place

The Stagecoach Inn Museum in Newbury Park, California, originally known as the Grand Union Hotel, was used as a resting area for people who traveled from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. Besides a hotel and stagecoach stop, it has also been used as a post office, church, restaurant and military school. It is California Historical Landmark No. 659 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It played a major role in the development of the stage line transportation network in California. The hotel was also the first business venture in the Conejo Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area</span> Protected area in Southern California, US

The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is a United States national recreation area containing many individual parks and open space preserves, located primarily in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California. The SMMNRA is in the greater Los Angeles region, with two thirds of the parklands in northwest Los Angeles County, and the remaining third, including a Simi Hills extension, in southeastern Ventura County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boney Peak</span> Mountain in California, United States

Boney Mountain in Ventura County, California is one of the highest peaks in the Santa Monica Mountains. The prominent mountain visible from Newbury Park, California is 2,825 feet (861 m). It is also known as Boney Peak. The mountain contains four of the highest peaks in the coastal range of the Santa Monica Mountains: Boney Peak, Sandstone Peak, Exchange Peak, and Tri Peaks. The highest summit in the Santa Monica Mountains is Sandstone Peak, situated less than a mile northeast of Boney Peak along the same ridge of volcanic rock. It is the top section of a mass of volcanic rock which solidified around 15 million years ago, and was later uplifted to its dominant position, overshadowing western Conejo Valley. The Chumash Native Americans have a long and deeply spiritual history of interaction at and near the mountain, and the peak is considered a sacred mountain to the Chumash people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Point Mugu State Park</span> Park in California, U.S.

Point Mugu State Park is a state park located in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area in Southern California. The rugged, nearly impassible shoreline of the western Santa Monica Mountains gives way to tidal lagoons and coastal sand dunes at Mugu Rock. The western edge of the park adjoins Mugu Lagoon which is a protected area within Naval Air Station Point Mugu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Backbone Trail</span> Long-distance hiking trail in the United States

The Backbone Trail is a long-distance trail extending 67.79 miles (109.10 km) across the Santa Monica Mountains in the U.S. state of California. Its western terminus is Point Mugu State Park, and its eastern terminus is Will Rogers State Historic Park in Pacific Palisades. The trail is open to hikers throughout its length. Dogs, mountain bicyclists and horseback riders are only allowed on portions of the trail as posted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rancho Guadalasca</span> Mexican land grant in Ventura County, California

Rancho Guadalasca was a 30,594-acre (123.81 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Ventura County, California, given in 1836 by Governor Mariano Chico to Ysabel Yorba. The grant was in the southern part of the county, bordering on Los Angeles County. The grant extended along the Pacific coast near Point Mugu for about eight miles and extended into the interior along Guadalasca Creek in the Santa Monica Mountains for about ten miles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rancho Sierra Vista</span> Nature area in the Santa Monica Mountains

Rancho Sierra Vista is one of the last intact ranches from the first half of the twentieth century in the Santa Monica Mountains. The majority of the landscape is much as it was 100 years ago. The area is now owned by the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, a unit of the National Park System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arroyo Conejo</span> Creek in the Conejo Valley, California

Arroyo Conejo carries part of the longest creek in the Conejo Valley which sprawls past the cities of Thousand Oaks and Camarillo, and the communities of Newbury Park, Casa Conejo and Santa Rosa Valley. Arroyo Conejo is the primary drainage for the City of Thousand Oaks. Its watershed covers 57 square miles (150 km2) of which 43 square miles (110 km2) are in the Conejo Valley and 14 square miles (36 km2) in the Santa Rosa Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hickory Park</span>

Hickory Park is a neighborhood park at the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains, less than 500 feet from the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, in southern Newbury Park, California. It is a five-acre park, which includes facilities such as a playground, basketball courts, backstop, barbecue grills, picnic tables, trails, etc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Sycamore Canyon</span> Canyon in the Santa Susana Mountains in Ventura County, California

Big Sycamore Canyon, often shortened to Sycamore Canyon, is a major feature of Point Mugu State Park, in Ventura County, California, United States. Sycamore Canyon is situated in the northernmost region of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area below the 3,000 feet (910 m) peaks of the Boney Mountain State Wilderness Area. The canyon begins on the north slope of Boney Mountain and heads north down the slope. The canyon then heads southwest past Rancho Sierra Vista/Satwiwa to Sycamore Cove on the coastline. The canyon in the park is one of the riparian woodlands along the California coast. It contains a number of California sycamore trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deer Ridge Open Space</span>

Deer Ridge Open Space is a 188-acre public-owned open-space area in the southwest portion of the town of Newbury Park, California. It contains a series of north-facing mountainous ridges and canyons, dominated by chaparral and oak trees. It shares borders with the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area to the south, and the Los Robles Trail traverses the length of Deer Ridge Open Space. Its main trailhead is located on Potrero Road, while a smaller access point is located at the southern end of Felton Street. The Los Robles Trail is the Conejo Open Space Conservation Agency’s longest trail, and connects to open-space areas and parks such as the Los Padres Open Space, Conejo Ridge Open Space, Hope Nature Preserve, Old Conejo Open Space, and the Los Vientos Open Space. The trail in Newbury Park provides panoramic views of the Conejo Valley and Santa Monica Mountains, before entering the Hope Nature Preserve. The Los Robles Trail provides more than 25 miles of contiguous trails connecting Newbury Park to Westlake Village in Los Angeles County. Immediately south of the Deer Ridge Open Space in Newbury Park are the Hidden Valley and Rancho Sierra Vista Satwiwa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dos Vientos Community Park</span>

Dos Vientos Community Park in southwestern Newbury Park, CA is the largest of Conejo Recreation & Park District’s public parks in the Conejo Valley. It is adjacent to the Dos Vientos Community Center, which offers a preschool, sports, and other activities. The park contains sand volleyball courts, baseball-, basketball- and tennis courts, soccer fields, playground areas, and picnic tables and barbecue grills. It is adjacent to the Dos Vientos Open Space through the Park View Trail, which is a 1,216 acre natural open-space, bordering an additional 16,000 acres of open space stretching over the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area to the Pacific Ocean. The Park View Trail ends at Via Ricardo, directly across the road from the Powerline Trail and Dos Vientos Open Space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conejo Mountain</span> Extinct volcano in California

Conejo Mountain is a 1,814-foot-high mountain (553 m) in Ventura County, California, near Camarillo on the eastern boundary of the Oxnard Plain. At the western edge of the Conejo Valley, it is adjacent to the Santa Monica Mountains. Crossing what was once a formidable barrier for travelers, U.S. Route 101 passes through the area on the steep Conejo Grade.

Alta Vista Open Space is a 43-acre open-space area in western Newbury Park, California, United States, adjacent to Dos Vientos Open Space and its 1,216 acres of natural open space area and numerous trails. Its primary trail is the Ring Finger Trail, which is reached from its trailhead at the southern side of Calle Alta Vis, directly across the street from Calle Las Collinas. Most of the open-space area is owned by the homeowners association, while eleven acres are owned by the Conejo Open Space Conservation Agency (COSCA). Its flora contain large areas covered with chaparral and coastal sage scrub, while some endangered endemic species include Conejo buckwheat, Verity's dudleya, and Conejo dudleya. It functions as a crucial wildlife corridor into the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area through Point Mugu State Park. Some of the fauna here includes Mountain lions, coyotes, mule deer, bobcats, and more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dos Vientos Open Space</span> 1,216 acres (492 ha) parkland in Ventura County, California with more than 41 miles of trails

Dos Vientos Open Space is a 1,216 acres (492 ha) open space area in western Newbury Park, California. It contains more than 41 miles (66 km) of trails used for cycling, hiking and equestrians. Originally a part of the Rancho Guadalasca Spanish Land Grant of 1836, the area is now an important wildlife movement corridor into the Santa Monica Mountains through the Point Mugu State Park. It provides a habitat for a variety of wildlife, including bobcats, mule deer, coyotes, eagles, hawks, barn owls, mountain lions, and more. It provides regional and internal trail connections, many trails offering panoramic views of the Conejo Valley, Oxnard Plain, Topatopa Mountains, Channel Islands, and the Pacific Ocean. Some of the endangered plant species found here include Conejo buckwheat, Verity's liveforever, and Conejo dudleya. The landscape is undeveloped, and dominated by coastal sage scrub, grassy hillsides, oak woodlands, and chaparral habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventu Park Open Space</span>

Ventu Park Open Space is a 141-acre open space area in Newbury Park, California. Its primary features are the Rosewood Trail leading to Angel Vista, a 1,603 ft peak in the Santa Monica Mountains. Parking for the Rosewood Trail is located at the Stagecoach Inn Park, across Lynn Road from the primary trailhead. The Rosewood Trail begins with oak woodland and crosses a creek at the canyon floor, before climbing up towards the steep Angel Vista Point. There are 360-degree panoramic views of the Conejo Valley, the Oxnard Plain, the California Channel Islands, Pacific Ocean, Point Mugu, Hidden Valley, as well as the Santa Monica-, Santa Susana- and Topa Topa Mountains.

References

  1. 1 2 Kennedy, Frances H. (2008). American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Page 243. ISBN   9780547523675.
  2. 1 2 Riedel, Del Monique and Allen (2011). Best Hikes Near Los Angeles. Rowman & Littlefield. Page 102. ISBN   9780762768189.
  3. 1 2 "Native American Indians - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)".
  4. ↑ Riedel, Monique Del (2009). Best Easy Day Hikes Ventura. Falcon Guides. Page 49. ISBN   9780762751211.
  5. ↑ Smith, Jonathan (2015-01-08). "Livestock killed in local mountain lion attack | January 8, 2015 | www.theacorn.com". The Acorn. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  6. ↑ Sanger, Kay and Tom Sanger (1990). Southern California for Kids. C.N. Potter. Page 12. ISBN   9780517573471.
  7. 1 2 Sheer, Julie (2013). Moon Take a Hike Los Angeles: 86 Hikes within Two Hours of the City. Avalon Travel. Page 33.
  8. ↑ McKinney, John (2004). California's National Parks: A Day Hiker's Guide. Wilderness Press. Page 320. ISBN   9780899973876.
  9. ↑ Butcher, Russell D. (1999). Guide To National Parks: Pacific Region - American Samoa, California, Guam, Hawaii. Globe Pequot Press. Page 91. ISBN   0762705736.
  10. 1 2 Ayer, Eleanor H. (1992). Parks and Monuments of California: A Scenic Guide. American Traveler Press. Page 10. ISBN   9781558381193.
  11. ↑ McKinney, John (2004). California's National Parks: A Day Hiker's Guide. Wilderness Press. Page 320. ISBN   9780899973876.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Map and Site Information: Rancho Sierra Vista/ Satwiwa - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  13. ↑ "Archives". Los Angeles Times . 22 October 1987.
  14. ↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. Page 470.
  15. ↑ Brown, Ann Whitlow and Rohit Chopra (2004). Let’s Go California (10th Edition). Macmillan. Page 474. ISBN   9780312335441.
  16. ↑ "Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)".
  17. 1 2 "Parks". LAMountains.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  18. ↑ Young, Don (2009). Southern California Adventure Guide. Hunter Publishing. Page 22. ISBN   9781588430915.
  19. ↑ Stienstra, Tom and Ann Marie Brown (2012). Moon California Hiking: The Complete Guide to 1,000 of the Best Hikes in the Golden State. Avalon Travel. Page 711. ISBN   9781612381633.
  20. ↑ Lightfoot, Kent G. and Otis Parrish (2009). California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction. Page 258. University of California Press. ISBN   9780520244719.
  21. ↑
    • Eargle, Jr., Dolan H. (1992). California Indian Country: The Land & the People. San Francisco: Tree Company Press. p. 122. ISBN   978-0-93740-120-0.
  22. ↑ Murphy, Kelly (2012). Local Multi-Use Trails. Kelly Murphy. Page 97. ISBN   9781479165599.
  23. ↑ Riedel, Del Monique and Allen (2011). Best Hikes Near Los Angeles. Rowman & Littlefield. Page 102. ISBN   9780762768189.
  24. ↑ Riedel, Allen (2006). Best Hikes With Dogs: Southern California. The Mountaineers Books. Page 82. ISBN   9780898866919.
  25. ↑ "Satwiwa Center hosts Native American dance demonstration".
  26. ↑ "Chumash share stories, music from their past in Newbury Park".
  27. ↑ McKinney, John (1992). Day Hiker’s Guide To Southern California. Olympus Press. Page 92. ISBN   9780934161121.
  28. ↑ Lightfoot, Kent G. and Otis Parrish (2009). California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction. University of California Press. Page 258. ISBN   9780520244719.
  29. ↑ Bangs, Ray and Chris Becker (2004). 52 Great Weekend Escapes in Southern California. Globe Pequot. Page 55. ISBN   9780762730834.
  30. 1 2 "Museums, Festivals, Classes Open Door to Learning Indian History - Page 2 - latimes". Articles.latimes.com. 1990-03-10. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  31. ↑ Maulhardt, Jeffrey Wayne (2010). Conejo Valley. Arcadia Publishing. Page 40. ISBN   9780738580395.
  32. ↑ Straus, Naomi (2004). Let's Go California 10th Edition. Macmillan. Page 474. ISBN   9780312335441.
  33. ↑ Ciolek-Torrello, Richard (2006). A Passage in Time: The Archaeology and History of the Santa Susana Pass State Historical Park, California. Statistical Research. Page 42. ISBN   9781879442894.
  34. ↑ Whitley, David S. and Ellen L. McCann (1980). Inland Chumash Archaeological Investigations. Institute of Archaeology. Pages 155 and 255.
  35. ↑ Riedel, Allen (2008). 100 Classic Hikes in Southern California: San Bernardino National Forest, Angeles National Forest, Santa Lucia Mountains, Big Sur and the Sierras. The Mountaineers Books. Page 118. ISBN   9781594851254.
  36. ↑ "Chumash Exhibit". Stagecoachmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  37. ↑ "Chumash influence lingers". Vcstar.com. 2004-07-30. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  38. ↑ "NEWBURY PARK : Chumash Event to Greet Solstice - latimes". Articles.latimes.com. 1991-06-19. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  39. ↑ Riedel, Allen (2011). Best Easy Day Hikes Conejo Valley. Rowman & Littlefield. Page 26. ISBN   9780762765812.
  40. ↑ Riedel, Allen (2008). 100 Classic Hikes in Southern California: San Bernardino National Forest, Angeles National Forest, Santa Lucia Mountains, Big Sur, and the Sierras. The Mountaineers Books. Page 118. ISBN   9781594851254.
  41. ↑ Riedel, Allen (2011). Best Easy Day Hikes Conejo Valley. Rowman & Littlefield. Page 21. ISBN   9780762765812.
  42. ↑ Mallarach, Josep-Maria and Thymio Papayannis (2007). Protected Areas and Spirituality. Island Press. Page 109. ISBN   9782831710235.
  43. ↑ "Archives". Los Angeles Times . 10 March 1990.
  44. ↑ "Chumash influence lingers".
  45. 1 2 Riedel, Allen (2006). Best Hikes With Dogs: Southern California. The Mountaineers Books. Pages 80-81. ISBN   9780898866919.
  46. ↑ Schad, Jerry (2009). Afoot and Afield Los Angeles County: A Comprehensive Hiking Guide. Wilderness Press. Pages 184-184. ISBN   9780899974996.
  47. ↑ Schad, Jerry (2009). Afoot and Afield Los Angeles County: A Comprehensive Hiking Guide. Wilderness Press. Pages 191-192. ISBN   9780899974996.
  48. ↑ Riedel, Allen (2006). Best Hikes With Dogs: Southern California. The Mountaineers Books. Page 81. ISBN   9780898866919.
  49. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2018-11-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ↑ "Mammals - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)".

34°9′1″N118°57′41″W / 34.15028°N 118.96139°W / 34.15028; -118.96139

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.