Small Smiles Dental Centers

Last updated

Small-smiles-sub-logo.png
Castner-Knott Building, headquarters of Small Smiles CasterKnotBuildingNashville.jpg
Castner-Knott Building, headquarters of Small Smiles
Wild Smiles Dental Center in Houston Smallsmilehouston.jpg
Wild Smiles Dental Center in Houston

Small Smiles Dental Centers was a privately-owned US chain of dental clinics focused on serving children from low-income families. The parent company, Church Street Health Management (CSHM), has its headquarters in Suite 520 of the Castner-Knott Building in Nashville, Tennessee. [1] [2] As of 2010, Church Street (previously known as Forba Holdings LLC or FORBA) was the largest dental management company in the United States, [3] and for a period it was the largest dental chain for children in the United States. [4] As of March 2014, Small Smiles had 53 offices, and it stated that it served hundreds of thousands of children annually. [5] As of September 2021, Small Smiles appeared to have one location in Reno, Nevada. [6]

Contents

Throughout the chain's history, it faced accusations of providing unnecessary dental care and improper restraint of child patients. In January 2010, it gained national attention when FORBA settled False Claims Act allegations with the United States Department of Justice for $24 million. [7] As of January 1, 2011, FORBA changed its name to its current name, Church Street Health Management. The new name was a reference to the street address of the company's corporate headquarters. [8] It filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on February 5, 2015.

Small Smiles clinics operated under multiple names, including Children's Dental Clinic, Indian Springs Dental Clinic, Oklahoma Smiles, Small Smiles Dentistry, Texas Smiles, and Wild Smiles. [9]

History

As a family practice

Small Smiles originated from a dental office that was opened in 1928 in Pueblo, Colorado. [5] Initially Small Smiles was a family-owned business headed by the Italian American DeRose family of Pueblo and a Denver, Colorado dentist named William Mueller. Bruno DeRose, the founder of the practice, had graduated from dental school in 1928. [10] The DeRose Dental Clinic opened that year. [11] In 1961 Edward DeRose, the father of Michael DeRose began practicing dentistry. [10] After Medicaid was established in 1967, the Pueblo DeRose office was one of the first ones to accept Medicaid. [5] Michael DeRose, a graduate of the Creighton University dental school began practicing at Small Smiles in 1982. According to Michael DeRose, Dan DeRose provided some management and marketing services. Mueller and Adolph Padula, an uncle of Michael DeRose, each had some financial interest in some clinics. [10]

In 1995, the second Small Smiles clinic opened in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Business increased after the clinic opened. [10] Throughout the 1990s, three additional Small Smiles offices opened in Colorado and New Mexico. [5] Michael DeRose subsequently bought into a chain of dental clinics in North Carolina, Medicaid Dental Centers, [12] operating Smile Starters and Carolina Dental Center clinics. [13]

In 2000, the Small Smiles company began expanding throughout the United States. [5] During that year, FORBA, LLC (FOR Better Access) was formed, providing dental care to children across the United States.[ citation needed ]

In May 2004, the DeRose family had a financial stake in 21 dental clinics in eight states, including Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, New Mexico, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The clinics altogether employed 70 dentists. By May 29 of that year, the dental clinics that had most recently opened were in Florence, South Carolina and Kansas City, Kansas. Vogrin said that the DeRose family "built something of a dental dynasty." [10] As of October 2004, within the State of Colorado, Small Smiles had clinics in Aurora, Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, and Thornton. As of that year, the vast majority of low income children on Medicaid in El Paso County went to Small Smiles. The company also had an advertising agreement with Colorado Springs School District 11. [14] As of May 20, 2004, the Colorado clinics had 25 dentists. Two were pediatric dentists and the others were general dentists. According to a phone survey from the Colorado Springs Gazette, aside from Small Smiles, few other Colorado Springs dental offices took patients who were on Medicaid. [15]

By 2004, The Colorado Springs Gazette reported that Small Smiles used papoose boards almost 7,000 times in one 18-month period. According to Colorado state records, [14] Michael and Edward DeRose said that they used papoose boards so that they could do dental work on larger numbers of children in a more rapid manner. Small Smiles dentists from other states learned the papoose board method in Colorado and began practicing the method in other states. [16] As a result, a Colorado Board of Dental Examiners appointed committee established a new Colorado state law forbidding the usage of papoose boards for children unless a dentist has exhausted other possibilities for controlling a child's behavior, and if the dentist uses a papoose board, he or she must document why the papoose board was used in the patient's record. [14] In a related development, Medicaid Dental Centers came under fire in 2003 when WCNC-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina, reported on several traumatic experiences by its patients, including liberal uses of papoose boards and one child having 16 of his baby teeth capped in one sitting. [12]

A May 9, 2004 story in The Colorado Springs Gazette revealed that the children underwent large amounts of dental work at the clinics. In a 14-month period until May 20, 2004, the clinics charged over $16 million in Medicaid dental charges, and records from the Colorado state government revealed that many children each had over 10 teeth drilled and given silver caps within a single visit. The State of Colorado Medicaid office placed a daily limit on stainless steel crowns to slow the payments. In April 2004, Michael DeRose said that the children at Small Smiles had severe dental needs. The Colorado State Dental Board also reported Edward DeRose, Michael DeRose, and Mueller to two national databases that serve as clearinghouses for information on actions filed against dentists. The DeRoses and Mueller filed a complaint asking the board to have their names removed. [15]

47 Small Smiles dental clinics and other associated practices had opened in 16 states in a period of less than six years after the company began expanding throughout the U.S. [5]

Post-DeRose

In 2006, the DeRose family sold its share of Small Smiles. [12] In September and October 2006 the assets of Forba Dental Management aka FORBA, LLC were acquired from the DeRose family by a group of investors led by the Carlyle Group, [17] Arcapita Bank, [18] and American Capital Strategies. [19] Sanus Holdings, LLC was created for purchasing FORBA, LLC's assets. [20] Sanus Holdings later became Small Smiles Holding Company, LLC. [21] The sales price was reported to be $435 million. [22] A revolving line of credit was opened by CIT Group. [23] and in September 2006, [5] the operation relocated to Nashville, Tennessee. [19]

After the ownership change in 2006, Small Smiles and its various clinics have pledged to be compliant with standards set in state and federal healthcare guidelines, as well as guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. [24] A Pediatric Dental Advisory Board was established in 2007 to assist Chief Dental Officer Stephen Adair in meeting quality of care standards. [25]

In 2007, reporter Roberta Baskin of WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C., and her crew filmed the opening ceremony and operations at a newly opening Small Smiles clinic in Langley Park, Maryland. Her crew filmed video of screaming children, bound with papoose boards, as technicians performed dental work. She filmed the lead dentist discussing production goals and stating that his clinic's dentists perform many baby root canals per day. Interviews with several former employees who either resigned or were fired after speaking out against the company's practices revealed other abuses, including dental staff conducting X-rays on children even though they were not certified to do so. The film and the investigative report aired on television led to legal action unfolding. [4] This sparked other stations across the United States to investigate area Small Smiles locations. [26]

In April 2008, Michael A. DeRose and Letitia L. Ballance settled with the United States and North Carolina to resolve False Claims Act allegations that their Medicaid Dental Center (MDC), previously known as Smile Starters and Carolina Dental Center, made false or fraudulent Medicaid claims. MDC agreed to pay $10,050,000 and to not contest that their dentists performed unwarranted pulpotomies and placed stainless steel crowns. [27]

A Kentucky woman named Debbie Hagan started a blog, "Dentist the Menace," which criticized the use of papoose boards at Small Smiles. Her blog included lists of documents, media accounts, other reports, and Hagan's research. Journalists used Hagan's blog to research the issue. Authorities from the State of New York contacted Hagan as part of their investigation of Small Smiles. [28] On November 14, 2008, [29] FORBA Holdings, LLC brought a lawsuit against Hagan, [28] alleging copyright infringement. The suit was dismissed on April 16, 2009, at FORBA's request. [29]

On September 28, 2009, a lawsuit was filed by FORBA Holdings, LLC against the company's former owners (LICSAC, LLC, DD Marketing, Inc., DeRose Management, LLC and LICSAC NY, LLC), citing breach of contract. On February 26, 2010, the case was dismissed with prejudice, with each party paying their own legal fees. [30]

In January 2010, the US Justice Department settled False Claims Act allegations against FORBA Holdings, LLC. Under the settlement, FORBA will pay $24 million plus interest to the US and several states. The investigation was spurred by three qui tam lawsuits filed by former employees in Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina in late 2007 and early 2008. The US Justice Department found that FORBA was liable for:

... causing the submission of claims for reimbursement for a wide range of dental services provided to low-income children that were either medically unnecessary or performed in a manner that failed to meet professionally-recognized standards of care. These services included performing pulpotomies (baby root canals), placing crowns, administering anesthesia (including nitrous oxide), performing extractions, and providing fillings and/or sealants. ... In this case, FORBA put greed and profits before the well-being of children," said Timothy J. Heaphy, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. "It endangered the health and safety of innocent children and defrauded the taxpayer of millions of dollars. Today's settlement addresses these egregious acts and sends a clear message that Medicaid fraud will be expeditiously addressed by this Department." [7]

Under the agreement, FORBA entered into a corporate integrity agreement with the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services. Investigations into individual dentists continue with the company's cooperation. [7]

In response, company chairman and CEO Michael Lindley posted a statement on the firm's website stating "...We entered into the settlement to avoid the delay, uncertainty, inconvenience and expense of litigation, and did not admit any liability." [3] Hagan said that she was glad that the settlement caused a financial loss for Small Smiles. She argued that this was not enough because the involved persons should also have received prison sentences and because the victims themselves needed financial compensation. [28]

On January 25, 2010, just days after the settlement was announced, a class action suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. [31]

Currently [ when? ] operating under a corporate integrity agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, [32] Church Street's network of associated dental centers continues to serve low-income families, and recently began opening new clinics and featuring new services such as orthodontics and adult care.[ citation needed ]

In February 2012, the company filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection. [33]

As of December 2012, Small Smiles treated about 500,000 children each year. In December 2012 NBC News revealed it had investigated 63 Small Smiles clinics over a preceding three-year period and discovered continued accusations from former employees, parents, and government investigators that the clinics performed below standard and unnecessary procedures on children. Chuck Grassley, a member of the U.S. Senate, said that the company was scamming taxpayers and causing abuses to children in order to generate revenues. David Wilson, the CEO, said in a statement: [34]

Patients are at the center of everything we do at CSHM. CSHM LLC supports our affiliated dental centers so that they can continue to provide access to quality dental care. Our dental centers serve approximately one million patient visits per year, primarily to children in communities with under-served access to dental care.

After Channel 4 Action News WTAE-TV began an investigation on Small Smiles, the U.S. Senate filed a report saying that taxpayer dollars were wasted in Small Smiles and recommended that its Medicaid access be terminated. [35] The report accused Small Smiles clinics of performed unnecessary dental work and performing procedures too quickly. [36] The 1,500-page report was prepared by Grassley and Max Baucus. This bipartisan report of the US Senate further advised Small Smiles Dental be excluded as a Medicaid provider. [37] CSHM LLC stated that "We do not believe that this report adequately reflects the current operations of CSHM LLC (CSHM or the Company)." [38]

In 2014, the Inspector General's Office announced that the management company Church Street Health Management will no longer be allowed to use Medicaid, Medicare, and other health programs of the federal government. [39] CSHM, LLC filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on February 5, 2015. [40]

Governance

Members of FORBA's Pediatric Dental Advisory Board included Paul Casamassimo, Chair of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Ohio State University and Chief of Dentistry at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Joe Bernat, Chair of the Department of Pediatric and Community Dentistry at the State University of New York-Buffalo School of Dental Medicine; Arthur Nowak Professor Emeritus at the University of Iowa Colleges of Dentistry and Medicine; and Anupama Tate Director of Pediatric Dentistry at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. [41]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dentistry</span> Branch of medicine

Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. It consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, most commonly focused on dentition as well as the oral mucosa. Dentistry may also encompass other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint. The practitioner is called a dentist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dentist</span> Health care occupations caring for the mouth and teeth

A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry, the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and sometimes dental therapists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UCLA School of Dentistry</span> Medical school in Los Angeles, California, United States

The UCLA School of Dentistry is the dental school of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) located in the Center for Health Sciences building in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. The school has several educational and training programs, conducts oral and dental health research, and offers affordable dental care at three locations: Westwood, Venice, and Inglewood. The school also participates in several outreach endeavors, including numerous health fairs during the year, STEM pipeline programs and provides dental care for underserved populations in the region. The School of Dentistry is considered among the nation's best research-intensive dental schools.

Dental insurance is a form of health insurance designed to pay a portion of the costs associated with dental care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dental education throughout the world</span>

Dentistry throughout the world is practiced differently, and training in dentistry varies as well.

East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine is the dental school at East Carolina University. It is North Carolina's second dental school, which enrolled its inaugural class in the fall of 2011. ECU SoDM was established to address the shortage of dentists in the rural regions across North Carolina. It serves North Carolina statewide by educating more dentists, with the primary focus of student recruitment being students who desire to return to rural and underserved areas to provide oral health care. The SoDM built 8 community service learning centers located in rural and underserved areas throughout the state. The students will complete nine-week rotations at the service learning centers during their final year of study.

In the medical field a papoose board is a temporary medical stabilization board used to limit a patient's freedom of movement to decrease risk of injury while allowing safe completion of treatment. The term papoose board refers to a brand name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pediatric dentistry</span> Branch of dentistry

Pediatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry dealing with children from birth through adolescence. The specialty of pediatric dentistry is recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons.

Aspen Dental Management, Inc. (ADMI) is an American dental service chain with nearly 350 offices in 22 states. Its headquarters is in Chicago, Illinois.

James R. Moriarty is an American lawyer noted for mass torts against major corporations, including Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Shell Chemicals, DuPont, and Prudential Securities. His legal cases have been described in the books Serpent on the Rock by Kurt Eichenwald, Money-Driven Medicine: The Real Reason Health Care Costs So Much by Maggie Mahar, and Coronary by Stephen Klaidman. Moriarty is a former Marine and Gold Star father.

The practice of dental care in rural Alaska is overseen by the American Dental Association and other organizations under the jurisdiction of dentistry in the United States, with major differences from dentistry in the contiguous states. The oral health situation among the Alaskan Native population is among the most severe globally, with notably high rates of oral disease. Children in this population aged 2 to 5 years have almost five times the amount of tooth decay as children of the same age elsewhere in the United States, and adults have 2.5 times the amount of tooth decay as adults elsewhere. Other factors impacting the population's dental health include the difficulty of obtaining fresh food in remote locations, lack of fluoridated running water, and reduced access to education on the importance of dental health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kool Smiles</span> American dental company

Kool Smiles is a dental services provider, based in the United States. Its headquarters are in the Kool Smiles Patient Support Center in Marietta, Georgia, U.S., in Greater Atlanta and has over 100 offices located across sixteen states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in dentistry</span> The involvement of women in dentistry

There is a long history of women in dentistry. Women are depicted as assistant dentists in the middle ages. Prior to the 19th century, dentistry was largely not yet a clearly defined and regulated profession with formal educational requirements. Individual female dentists are known from the 18th century. When the profession was regulated in the 19th century, it took a while before women achieved the formal education and permission to engage in dentistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeffrey A. Parker</span> American businessman and education philanthropist

Jeffrey Alan Parker was an American businessman and education philanthropist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarrell Dental & Eye Centers</span>

Sarrell Dental and Eye Centers, based in Anniston, Alabama, was the largest dental provider in the state of Alabama. Sarrell was organized as a non-profit 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization in 2005, and operated 12 dental clinics, 4 clinics include vision care and a mobile dental bus. As of January 1, 2022, Sarrell Dental & Eye Centers rebranded to Advantage Dental+.

ReachOut Healthcare America (RHA) is a dental management services company with its headquarters in Farmington Hills, Michigan. It is a part of the private equity portfolio of Morgan Stanley. The company operates in 22 U.S. states. In 2011 the company coordinated dental care at 8,700 schools and coordinated the processing of 488,000 children in those schools. As of May 2012 the company has coordinated the processing of 1.5 million patients. ReachOut seeks to coordinate treatment for underserved children on Medicaid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">All Smiles Dental Centers</span>

All Smiles Dental Centers (ADSC) was an American chain of dental clinics, with its headquarters in Farmers Branch, Texas in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, The chain operates dental clinics in the Dallas-Fort Worth area and in Greater Houston. The company was the management service organization providing business support services to All Smiles Dental Professionals, P.C. The patients mostly consisted of children in low-income Hispanic communities.

Smile Starters Dental, formerly Medicaid Dental Center (MDC), is a chain of dental clinics in North Carolina. As MDC, it operated under the names Smile Starters and Carolina Dental Center. Historically, its owners were Letitia L. "Tish" Ballance of Charlotte, North Carolina and Michael DeRose of Pueblo, Colorado. DeRose was also a partner in FORBA, the company that owns the Small Smiles Dental Centers. In 2008 the chain operated seven dental clinics.

Dental service organizations, known in the industry as dental support organizations or abbreviated to DSOs, are independent business support centers that contract with dental practices in the United States. They provide business management and support to dental practices, including non-clinical operations.

Dustin Burleson is an American orthodontist and consultant.

References

  1. ↑ "Contact Us". Church Street Health Management. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Church Street Health Management 618 Church Street Suite 520 Nashville, TN 37219
  2. ↑ "Church Street Health Management LLC". Bloomberg News . September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021. ADDRESS:618 Church Street Suite 520 Nashville, TN 37219 United States, PHONE: 1-615-750-0300 WEBSITE: www.cshm.com
  3. 1 2 Ruppel, Glenn; Thomas, Pierre (January 20, 2010). "'Small Smiles' Dental Chain Reaches Settlement for Medical Fraud". ABC News . Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Baskin, Roberta. "Revealing How Dentists Profit By Abusing Children". Nieman Reports, Harvard University . Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Small Smiles History". Small Smiles Dental Centers. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Contact a Dental Clinic, Reno, Nevada". Reno, Nevada. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 "National Dental Management Company Pays $24 Million to Resolve Fraud Allegations". United States Department of Justice. January 20, 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Small Smiles parent company changes ways, name following scandal". Nashville Business Journal . December 29, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  9. ↑ "bottom-logos.jpg". Small Smiles. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Stephen Barrett, M.D. (August 23, 2011). "Massive Dental Fraud Uncovered". Quackwatch . Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Continuing a Legacy of Service Gift Establishes Endowed Chair in Dentistry." (Archive). Creighton Magazine. Northern Hemisphere Winter 2006. p. 43.
  12. 1 2 3 Watson, Stuart. "Medicaid dentists pay taxpayers back $24 million Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine ." WCNC-TV . January 20, 2010. Retrieved on October 1, 2012.
  13. ↑ Watson, Stewart. "Medicaid dentists pay taxpayers back $24 million." (Archive) WCNC-TV . January 20, 2010. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 Vogrin, Cary Leider. "Small Smiles involved in child restraint law change Archived January 2, 2013, at archive.today ." Colorado Springs Gazette . Published October 28, 2004. Published online on January 20, 2010. Retrieved on October 1, 2012.
  15. 1 2 Vogrin, Cary Leider. "Dentists move to clear reputations, Three file complaint to remove names from disciplinary database." The Colorado Springs Gazette . May 20, 2004. Retrieved on October 3, 2012. Available at HighBeam Research.
  16. ↑ "Small Smiles owner settles case for $24 million." 9 News Colorado. January 22, 2010. Retrieved on October 1, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Church Street Health Management". Carlyle Group. September 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  18. ↑ "ARCAPITA - Corporate Investment". Arcapita. September 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  19. 1 2 Walker Duncan (November 29, 2006). "A new face in the Nashville healthcare community". Nashville Post . Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Arcapita Bank, affiliates acquire Sanus Holdings". Khaleej Times . January 16, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  21. ↑ "American Capital Invests in Dental Practice Management Company". American Capital Strategies. November 20, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Global Islamic Finance & Investment". King & Spalding. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Forba is Making a Difference in Children's Lives" (PDF). The Waller Street News. Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis, LLP. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Compliance". Small Smiles Dental Centers. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Quality & Compliance". Church Street Health Management. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  26. ↑ Flamisch, Steve (April 1, 2008). "SMALL SMILES DENTISTRY UNDER FIRE". WRGB-TV (CBS 6). Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  27. ↑ "North Carolina Dental Services Chain Pays $10 Million to Resolve False Claims Allegations". United States Department of Justice . April 9, 2008. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 Newsome, Brian (January 21, 2010). "Dental company exploited poor children for profit, government says". Colorado Springs Gazette . Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  29. 1 2 "FORBA Holdings, LLC v. Hagan". Boliven Legal Proceedings. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  30. ↑ "FORBA Holdings, LLC v. LICSAC, LLC et al". Justia.com. Justia. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Parnell v. FORBA Holding, LLC et al". Justia.com. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  32. ↑ Daniel R. Levinson (March 2011), "Fiscal Year 2010 Office of Inspector General Medicaid Integrity Report", Fiscal Year 2010 Office of Inspector General Medicaid Integrity Report, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pp. A-20, archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2011, retrieved August 26, 2011
  33. ↑ McCarty, Dawn. "Church Street Health Management Files for Bankruptcy With Plan for Sale." Bloomberg . February 21, 2012. Retrieved on February 21, 2012.
  34. ↑ Reynolds, Talesha and Lisa Myers. "Dental chain accused of hurting kids, bilking taxpayers." NBC News at The Today Show . December 11, 2012. Retrieved on December 11, 2012.
  35. ↑ Osdol, Paul Van. "Senate report says Small Smiles dental clinics wasting taxpayer money." (Archive) WTAE-TV . July 24, 2013. Retrieved on July 26, 2013.
  36. ↑ Alltucker, Ken. "Senate probe targets dentists with Phoenix ties." The Arizona Republic . Thursday July 25, 2013. Retrieved on July 26, 2013.
  37. ↑ Burkhalter, Eddie. "Alabama dental clinics operating illegally, Senate report says." (Archive) Anniston Star . July 25, 2013. Retrieved on July 26, 2013. "Among the report's recommendations are that the Department of Health and Human Service's inspector general exclude Small Smiles from receiving Medicaid payments, "and any other corporate entity that employs a fundamentally deceptive business model resulting in a sustained pattern of substandard care.""
  38. ↑ "A STATEMENT FROM CSHM LLC REGARDING THE JOINT STAFF REPORT ON THE CORPORATE PRACTICE OF DENTISTRY IN THE MEDICAID PROGRAM." (Archive) Small Smiles. Retrieved on July 26, 2013.
  39. ↑ Reynolds, Talesha. "Firm That Manages Dental Clinics for Kids Excluded From Medicaid" (Archive). NBC News. March 13, 2014. Retrieved on March 15, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Company Overview of CSHM, LLC." Bloomberg. Retrieved on May 16, 2018.
  41. ↑ "Dr. Anupama Tate Joins FORBA Pediatric Advisory Board". BusinessWire. September 29, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2019.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.