Sphagnum quinquefarium

Last updated

Sphagnum quinquefarium
Sphagnum quinquefarium 270108.jpg
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
(Europe regional assessment)
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Sphagnopsida
Order: Sphagnales
Family: Sphagnaceae
Genus: Sphagnum
Species:
S. quinquefarium
Binomial name
Sphagnum quinquefarium
Synonyms [3]
List
  • Sphagnum acutifolium subsp. quinquefarium(Lindb.) Hérib.
  • Sphagnum acutifolium var. flavicauleWarnst.
  • Sphagnum acutifolium var. gerstenbergeriWarnst.
  • Sphagnum acutifolium var. laxumRussow
  • Sphagnum acutifolium var. quinquefariumLindb.
  • Sphagnum acutiforme var. silesiacumWarnst.
  • Sphagnum plumulosum subsp. quinquefarium(Lindb.) Bott.
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. gerstenbergeri(Warnst.) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. laxum(Russow) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. microphyllumRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. pusillum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. quinquefarium(Lindb.) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. silesiacum(Warnst.) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. capitatumGrav. ex Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. gerstenbergeri(Warnst.) Cardot
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. laxum(Russow) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. pallens(Warnst.) Warnst.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. roseumWarnst.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. silesiacum(Warnst.) Cardot
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. virescensWarnst.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. virideWarnst.
  • Sphagnum robustum var. pseudopatulum(Röll) H. Schmidt
  • Sphagnum warnstorfii var. pallens(Warnst.) Röll
  • Sphagnum warnstorfii var. pseudo-patulumRöll
  • Sphagnum schofieldiiH.A. Crum
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. pusillumRöll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium f. versicolorRussow
  • Sphagnum pseudopatulum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum nemoreum var. quinquefarium(Lindb.) Venturi & Bott.
  • Sphagnum acutifolium var. pallensWarnst.
  • Sphagnum acutifolium var. silesiacumWarnst.
  • Sphagnum girgensohnii var. pallens(Warnst.) Cardot
  • Sphagnum nemoreum var. pallens(Warnst.) Broth. & Saelan
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. brachycladumRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. compactumRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. flagellareRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. gracileRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. molluscumRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. strictiformeRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. strictumRöll
  • Sphagnum pseudopatulum var. gracileRöll
  • Sphagnum pseudopatulum var. laxumRöll
  • Sphagnum pseudopatulum var. pulchrumRöll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. brachycladum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. compactum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium f. dasycladumWheldon
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. densumRöll ex Bott.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. flagellare(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. flavicaule(Warnst.) Plam.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. flavumWarnst.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. fuscoflavumWarnst.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. gracile(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium f. mastigocladumWheldon
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. molleC.E.O. Jensen
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. molluscum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. patulumRöll ex Bott.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. pseudoalpinumLatzel
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. pseudopatulum(Röll) Cardot
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. pusillum(Röll) Bott.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. seriatumVenturi
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. squarrosulum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. stachyodesHamm.
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. strictiforme(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. strictum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. submersum(Röll) Bott.
  • Sphagnum acutiforme var. tenellumSchlieph.
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. brachycladum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. compactum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. gracile(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. molluscum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. squarrosulumRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. strictiforme(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. strictum(Röll) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. flavicaule(Warnst.) Röll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium var. versicolor(Russow) Warnst.
  • Sphagnum acutifolium f. strictumWarnst.
  • Sphagnum plumulosum var. submersumRöll
  • Sphagnum plumulosum f. gracileRöll
  • Sphagnum quinquefarium subf. orthocladumPichl.

Sphagnum quinquefarium, the five-ranked bog-moss, [1] is a species of peat moss belonging to the family Sphagnaceae. [4] It is characterised by its distinctive five-ranked leaf arrangement and three spreading branches per fascicle. It typically grows in loose, upright formations in damp, shaded woodlands rather than in peatlands, preferring areas with high atmospheric humidity. The medium-sized moss has a pale green to yellowish-green colouring, often marked with pink or red patches, and can be distinguished from similar species by its prismatic branch appearance and parallel-sided stem leaves. Found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, it is most abundant in oceanic and sub-oceanic regions, particularly in northwestern Europe and the Carpathian Mountains, with populations also occurring in eastern Asia and coastal North America. While commonly hybridising with S. capillifolium in areas where their ranges overlap, the species maintains its distinctness through different habitat preferences. Conservation status varies significantly across its range, from being common in some regions to vulnerable and legally protected in others, such as Hungary.

Contents

Taxonomy

Sphagnum quinquefarium was first formally described by Robert Braithwaite in 1880 as Sphagnum acutifolium var. quinquefarium. [5] It was later elevated to species status by Carl Warnstorf in 1886. The specific epithet quinquefarium refers to the distinctive five-ranked arrangement of its leaves. [6]

The taxonomic history of the species involves some complexity. As early as 1873, Sextus Otto Lindberg had used the name S. acutifolium var. quinquefarium on specimen labels, though this usage was not formally published. The species has also been known historically under several other names, including Sphagnum plumulosum var. quinquefarium and Sphagnum bartlettianumWarnstorf (1911). A historical note involves specimens from Ireland in the syntype material, which showed atypical characteristics somewhat resembling S. warnstorfii. However, despite this early taxonomic confusion, the current application of the name S. quinquefarium is well established. [6]

Description

Five-ranked leaf arrangement of Sphagnum quinquefarium under microscope (scale bar: 0.5 mm) Sphagnum quinquefarium (a, 144748-474743) 8387.JPG
Five-ranked leaf arrangement of Sphagnum quinquefarium under microscope (scale bar: 0.5 mm)

Sphagnum quinquefarium is a medium-sized peat moss that typically grows in loose, upright formations rather than dense clusters. The plant has pale green to yellowish-green colouring, often marked with pink or pale red patches, though occasionally the entire plant may appear red. [7] The capitula (plant tops) have a distinctive wide triangular form, measuring only 1 mm in length. [8] The plant's stem is slender (0.5–0.8 mm in diameter) and surrounded by 3–4 layers of transparent (hyaline) cells, with a well-developed inner core that appears yellowish to yellow-brown, sometimes showing reddish zones. This core is protected by an outer layer of cells that occasionally feature small pores. [7]

A distinctive characteristic of S. quinquefarium is its branch arrangement. Unlike most other species in the Sphagnaceae, which typically have two spreading branches per fascicle, S. quinquefarium consistently has three spreading branches. [8] The branches grow in clusters (fascicles) spaced apart along the stem, with each cluster typically containing 4–5 branches of two different types. Each cluster features three spreading branches that extend 15–25 mm and taper toward their tips, accompanied by one or two hanging (pendent) branches that are at least as long as the spreading ones. [7] This three-branched characteristic helps distinguish it from the similar-looking Sphagnum capillifolium , which usually has only two spreading branches per fascicle. Additional distinguishing features include its flatter capitulum and stem leaves with parallel-sided basal portions. [8]

The plant has two types of leaves. The stem leaves stand upright, measuring 1.1–1.3 mm in length, and are triangle-shaped to tongue-like. These leaves have a distinct border that widens at the base and contain transparent cells with fine internal fibres (fibrils) on one side. The branch leaves, which give the species its name "quinquefarium," arrange themselves in five distinct rows. These lance-shaped leaves measure 1.3–1.5 mm long and about 0.5 mm wide, with rolled-in edges at the tip. They contain specialised transparent cells with ringed pores and attach to the branches at roughly 40-degree angles, creating a distinctive prismatic appearance. [7]

Sphagnum quinquefarium is monoicous, meaning individual plants have both male and female reproductive structures, though they are often found in a single-sex state. When present, the male reproductive structures (antheridia) are enclosed in red or pink modified leaves. The female reproductive structures develop into large, sheathing leaves up to 4.8 mm long. When the plant successfully reproduces, it produces spores measuring 21–24  micrometres in diameter with a slightly rough surface. Spore capsules are commonly found in some locations. [7]

Habitat and distribution

Sphagnum quinquefarium (red patches) growing alongside S. capillifolium in a condensation mire in the Vosges mountains, France. The species shows characteristic patches of red colouration mixed with green. Eboulis cryoclastique du Grand Kerne - RBDI du Kertoff - Vosagus 29-09-2004 01.jpg
Sphagnum quinquefarium (red patches) growing alongside S. capillifolium in a condensation mire in the Vosges mountains, France. The species shows characteristic patches of red colouration mixed with green.

Unlike most peat mosses, Sphagnum quinquefarium rarely grows in peatlands. Instead, it favours damp hillsides where it grows beneath dwarf shrubs or in open woodlands, particularly those dominated by birch (Betula) trees. [7] The species shows a strong preference for upland areas and well-drained spruce forests, and can also be found growing in acidophilous beech forests and on wet andesite rocks. [8] The species thrives in areas of high humidity and is frequently found growing alongside other peat mosses, particularly Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium and S. palustre. Its common companion plants include heather ( Calluna vulgaris ), birch trees, and various species of bilberry and cranberry ( Vaccinium species). [7]

Sphagnum quinquefarium shows a distinctly oceanic distribution pattern, being most abundant in regions with strong maritime influence. In Europe, it reaches its greatest abundance in the northwestern regions, particularly in southern Scandinavia, though it is notably absent from the northernmost areas. [7] In Central and Eastern Europe, the species is especially abundant in the Carpathian Mountain range. It is very common throughout the High Tatras of Slovakia and the Romanian Carpathians, where it occurs across numerous mountain ranges including the Maramureș, Călimani, and Făgăraș Mountains. The species is also well-established in Ukraine, particularly in Kárpátalja and the Eastern Beskids mountains. In the Balkan Region, it has been documented in Croatia around Zagreb and in the Papuk mountains, though it is absent from Serbia. [8]

The species extends southward through montane areas, reaching as far as Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, and the Pyrenees. In the British Isles, it shows a distinctive pattern of distribution, being absent from southeastern Britain while occurring locally in northern England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. [7] In the Alps, particularly in Switzerland, the species occurs in the pre-Alpine zone at elevations ranging from 450 to 1,900 metres above sea level. [8] In more continental regions, the species is typically restricted to upland areas. Beyond Europe, S. quinquefarium has a wide global distribution, being found in eastern Asia and along both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions of North America. It prefers oceanic and sub-oceanic climates with high atmospheric humidity. [7]

Hybridisation

Sphagnum capillifolium (pictured) can form hybrids with S. quinquefarium where they co-occur. Sphagnum capillifolium 041107b.jpg
Sphagnum capillifolium (pictured) can form hybrids with S. quinquefarium where they co-occur.

Sphagnum quinquefarium is known to hybridise with the related species S. capillifolium where their ranges overlap. The two species are typically well-differentiated morphologically but can produce hybrid plants when growing together. While S. quinquefarium prefers shaded and permanently moist conifer forests, S. capillifolium typically grows in more open and drier habitats like scattered pine forests or open heaths. However, the species occasionally occur together, particularly in intermediate habitats. [9]

When hybridisation occurs between these species, the resulting plants may show various combinations of parental characteristics rather than being purely intermediate in form. Hybrid plants can be identified through a combination of morphological features and genetic markers. While S. quinquefarium is typically bisexual (having both male and female reproductive structures), hybrids tend to express primarily male reproductive structures. Research suggests that in hybridisation events, S. quinquefarium typically acts as the female parent. The persistence of hybrid plants in mixed populations suggests that hybridisation may play a role in the evolution of these species. However, several factors help maintain species distinctness, including different habitat preferences and geographical distributions that limit areas of contact. [9]

Conservation

Sphagnum quinquefarium faces varying conservation challenges across its range. At a European level, the species is assessed as a least-concern species by the IUCN, with a large and stable population estimated to occupy approximately 4,000 km² across an extent of occurrence of about 8.6 million km². While no major threats have been identified across most of its range, and no broad conservation measures are currently required, [1] the species shows marked regional differences in abundance and vulnerability. In Hungary and Estonia, for example, the species is legally protected and has been designated as "Vulnerable" on their national Red Lists. In Hungary specifically, each individual plant has been assigned a specific ecological value under national regulations that reflects its conservation significance. The species is also included in the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes, indicating conservation concern at the continental level. [8]

While it is rare and threatened in some regions like Hungary, where it is known from only a few localities, it maintains robust populations in other areas, particularly in the Carpathian Mountains. [8] The population trend is considered stable across most of its range, and the species is well-represented within protected areas. [1] This variation in population status presents unique challenges for conservation management, requiring different approaches in different regions. Conservation efforts are particularly important in areas where the species occurs in isolated or fragmented populations, as these may be more vulnerable to local environmental changes. Monitoring of known populations is essential to track changes in distribution and abundance, especially in regions where the species is rare or declining. [8]

Unlike many other threatened bryophytes, S. quinquefarium is not currently impacted by commercial exploitation, as the species is not utilised or traded. Its preference for relatively dry, well-drained habitats rather than vulnerable peatland environments may contribute to its generally secure conservation status across most of its range. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bog</span> Type of wetland with peat-rich soil

A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials – often mosses, typically sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, mosses, quagmire, and muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens. A bayhead is another type of bog found in the forest of the Gulf Coast states in the United States. They are often covered in heath or heather shrubs rooted in the sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a carbon sink.

<i>Sphagnum</i> Genus of mosses, peat moss

Sphagnum is a genus of approximately 380 accepted species of mosses, commonly known as sphagnum moss, also bog moss and quacker moss. Accumulations of Sphagnum can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold 16 to 26 times as much water as their dry weight, depending on the species. The empty cells help retain water in drier conditions.

<i>Aulacomnium palustre</i> Species of moss

Aulacomnium palustre, the bog groove-moss or ribbed bog moss, is a moss that is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution. It occurs in North America, Hispaniola, Venezuela, Eurasia, and New Zealand. In North America, it occurs across southern arctic, subboreal, and boreal regions from Alaska and British Columbia to Greenland and Quebec. Documentation of ribbed bog moss's distribution in the contiguous United States is probably incomplete. It is reported sporadically south to Washington, Wyoming, Georgia, and Virginia.

<i>Sphagnum angustifolium</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum angustifolium, the fine bogmoss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic distribution. A member of the S. recurvum species complex within Sphagnum section Cuspidata, it is a relatively small, green to yellowish moss that grows in wet, moderately nutrient-rich mires, typically forming carpets or growing intermixed with other peat moss species. The species can be distinguished from its close relatives by having no more than four branches per fascicle and distinctive large pores on its hanging branch leaves, though identification becomes more challenging in southern populations where morphological characteristics are less distinct.

<i>Sphagnum girgensohnii</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum girgensohnii, commonly known as Girgensohn's bogmoss, Girgensohn's sphagnum or common green peat moss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic and Indo-Malesian distribution. First described by Edmund Russow in 1865, it is a relatively robust moss species characterised by its green to straw-coloured appearance and distinctive branching pattern. The species typically grows in shaded, damp woodlands and on the edges of mires, forming loose mats particularly under birch and willow trees, and can be found from sea level to elevations of 2,200 metres. While it shows a mainly northern distribution pattern and is especially abundant in subarctic regions, it occurs throughout Europe from Portugal to Russia, being more common in upland areas. Despite facing threats from habitat degradation and land-use changes, S. girgensohnii is assessed by the IUCN as Least Concern due to its extensive range and stable populations, though it receives legal protection under various national and international frameworks, including the EU Habitats Directive.

<i>Potamogeton polygonifolius</i> Species of aquatic plant

Potamogeton polygonifolius or bog pondweed is an aquatic plant. It is found in shallow, nutrient-poor, usually acid standing or running water, bogs, fens and occasionally ditches.

<i>Sphagnum palustre</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum palustre, the prairie sphagnum or blunt-leaved bogmoss, is a species of peat moss from the genus Sphagnum, in the family Sphagnaceae. Like other mosses of this type it can soak up water up to the 30-fold amount of its own dry weight thanks to its elastic spiral fibers. S. palustre is rather frequent and is spread almost all over the world. It mainly grows in wet forests and—compared to other specimens of this genus—rarely grows in moors.

<i>Empodisma minus</i> Species of flowering plant

Empodisma minus, commonly known as (lesser) wire rush or spreading rope-rush, is a perennial evergreen belonging to the southern-hemisphere family of monocotyledonous plants Restionaceae. The Latin name Empodisma minus translates to “tangle-foot” “small”. E. minus is found from Queensland to South Australia, Tasmania and throughout New Zealand south of 38 ° latitude, or the central north island. Its current conservation status is “Least concern”. In 2012, the new species Empodisma robustum was described in New Zealand, with what was previously described as E. minus from the lowland raised bogs of Waikato and Northland now being re-classified as E. robustum. E. minus remains an important peatformer in the south of New Zealand and in high altitude peatlands.

<i>Sphagnum capillifolium</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum capillifolium, the red bogmoss, northern peat moss, acute-leaved bog-moss, or small red peat moss, is a species of peat moss native to Canada, the northern United States, Greenland, and Europe. Small red peat moss can be distinguished by its sweeping, outward-curving branches that resemble tresses. Sphagnum moss can hold large amounts of water within its cells, up to 20 times its own weight. This capability is due to its dead, empty cells called hyaline cells that fill up with water. This allows the moss to survive in wet, boggy habitats around rivers and lakes.

<i>Sphagnum squarrosum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum squarrosum, commonly known as the spiky bog-moss or spreading-leaved bog moss, is a peat moss species found in nutrient-rich, damp soils and wetlands across the Northern Hemisphere, with isolated populations in South America. Its spiky appearance, resulting from strongly spreading branch leaves, distinguishes it from other peat moss species. Playing an important role in wetland succession, the species is one of the first Sphagnum mosses to colonise developing wetlands. It shows considerable tolerance to mineral-rich conditions and actively modifies its habitat through cation exchange processes.

<i>Sphagnum cuspidatum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum cuspidatum, the feathery bogmoss, toothed sphagnum, or toothed peat moss, is a peat moss found commonly in Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, the eastern coast of the United States, and in Colombia.

<i>Sphagnum fimbriatum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum fimbriatum, the fringed bogmoss, is a peat moss found in temperate regions worldwide, from the Arctic to New Zealand and along the Andes. William Wilson formally described the species in 1846. Plants measure up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, varying from slender to moderately robust forms. It forms loose carpets or soft mounds in wetlands and is identified by its stem leaves with fringed upper margins. The stem leaves distinguish it from other Sphagnum species, including its close relative S. girgensohnii which has rectangular stem leaves fringed only at the tip.

Paludiculture is wet agriculture and forestry on peatlands. Paludiculture combines the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from drained peatlands through rewetting with continued land use and biomass production under wet conditions. “Paludi” comes from the Latin “palus” meaning “swamp, morass” and "paludiculture" as a concept was developed at Greifswald University. Paludiculture is a sustainable alternative to drainage-based agriculture, intended to maintain carbon storage in peatlands. This differentiates paludiculture from agriculture like rice paddies, which involve draining, and therefore degrading wetlands.

<i>Sphagnum papillosum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum papillosum, the papillose peatmoss, is a species of peat moss distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Although sometimes confused with Sphagnum imbricatum and Sphagnum palustre, it is distinguished by its yellow-green to brown short, blunt branches and papillose chlorophyllose cells.

Sphagnum platyphyllum, the flat-leaved bogmoss, is a species of moss in the family Sphagnaceae. It is a circumpolar peat moss found in arctic and subarctic regions of Europe and Asia, with populations also occurring in North America. The species typically grows in loose mats in wet, moderately nutrient-rich environments, particularly in areas dominated by sedges and locations that experience seasonal flooding. First described as a variety in 1875 and elevated to species status in 1884, it belongs to the subgenus Subsecunda within the "Pacific Rim clade". While most populations are haploid, the species shows evidence of a complex evolutionary history, including rare allodiploid populations. Although widely distributed and classified as a least-concern species globally, it faces varying levels of conservation concern across its range, being critically endangered in several European countries due to habitat degradation, peat extraction, and climate change. The species is distinctive among peat mosses for its poorly developed capitula with protruding stem buds, and its dioecious reproduction, with male plants and spore-producing structures being rare in many regions.

<i>Sphagnum wulfianum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum wulfianum, commonly known as Wulf's peatmoss, is a species of moss belonging to the family Sphagnaceae. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring primarily in moist boreal forest environments across Eurasia and North America, with rare occurrences in Arctic tundra regions. The species is morphologically distinctive among peat mosses, characterised by having six to twelve branches per fascicle, a unique feature in the genus. First described in 1860 from Estonia, it typically grows in boggy mineral-rich spruce forests and at the borders of mires, forming small carpets and hummocks. While the species has a large geographic range and stable overall population trends in Europe, it faces regional conservation challenges, particularly at its range edges, where it is considered endangered in several countries due to habitat degradation from peatland drainage, forestry, and agriculture. Genetic studies indicate remarkably low genetic diversity throughout its range, suggesting high rates of gene flow across large distances despite infrequent spore production.

<i>Sphagnum rubellum</i> Species of plant in the family Sphagnaceae

Sphagnum rubellum, commonly known as the red peat moss, is a species of peat moss in the family Sphagnaceae. It forms low, reddish cushions in wet areas like bogs and poor fens across North America and Eurasia, particularly in regions with oceanic climates. The species can vary in colour from green to pink or deep crimson, and grows up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Like other peat mosses, it plays an important role in forming and maintaining peatlands.

<i>Fissidens taxifolius</i> Species of plant

Fissidens taxifolius, the common pocket moss, is a species of moss in the family Fissidentaceae. First described by Johann Hedwig in 1801, it is a small to medium-sized moss that typically grows in dense, yellowish-green to dark green tufts. The species is characterised by its distinctive flattened appearance, with leaves arranged in two opposite rows resembling tiny fern fronds, and by its pointed leaf tips with projecting central nerves. It can grow in artificial light and is known to form extensive turfs in suitable conditions.

<i>Sphagnum australe</i> Species of Sphagnum moss

Sphagnum australe is a species of Sphagnum found in southeastern Australia.

<i>Sphagnum teres</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum teres, or rigid bogmoss, is a species of moss from the Sphagnaceae family. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it grows in mountainous areas in the southern part of its range. It thrives in fertile, minerotrophic peatlands. It is characterized by a clearly visible terminal bud in the middle part of the head and usually a dark brown stem.

References

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