Spondylidinae | |
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Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant, 1839) ♀ | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Family: | Cerambycidae |
Subfamily: | Spondylidinae Audinet-Serville, 1832 [1] |
Spondylidinae (often misspelled "Spondylinae") are a small subfamily of Cerambycidae including slightly over 100 species, primarily in the coniferous forests of the Boreal hemisphere. A few species occur in coniferous forests in tropical and subtropical areas (Mexico, Cuba), while very few genera (e.g., Zamium ) are present in Austral Africa and Madagascar (e.g., Masatopus ).
Spondylidinae are insects characterised by cerambycine aspect, generally with a more or less flattened, dark body, oblique head and scarcely elongated antennae. Their sexual dimorphism is scarcely evident; males and females are extremely similar. Unlike Cerambycinae, their stridulitrum is divided.
The larvae are completely different from those of Cerambycinae and similar to those of Lepturinae in several respects, being characterised by a rounded head and large labrum. They also typically possess two closely spaced small spines on the last abdominal segment.
Spondylidinae are nearly all nocturnal or crepuscular. Only the genus Tetropium , characterised by finely faceted eyes, has diurnal activity. The adults live on the host plants, taking refuge under barks or trunks during inactive periods.
Except for some Saphanini ( Saphanus , Drymochares ) and Anisarthrini, the larvae of most of species attack conifers.
Spondylidinae have a complicated systematic history, and details of the relationships are still uncertain. In 1897 Xambeu [2] united the genera Spondylis , Asemum , Chriocephalus (now Arhopalus ) and Tetropium in Spondyliens, on the basis of the larval morphology. Nevertheless, this classification was rejected by contemporaneous authors since Spondylis was believed to be related to Prioninae and Parandra . [3] At that time most spondylidine genera were placed within the subfamily Aseminae. A later study of the wing morphology [4] confirmed Xambeu's grouping, but by the end of the 20th Century (and in some contemporaneous faunas) Spondylidini were treated as a separate subfamily. Only after 1987, [5] after further studies on the larval morphology, was it recognized that spondylidines and asemines were indeed part of the same group, rather than separate lineages. Spondylidini - whose larvae are indistinguishable from that of all other traditional Aseminae - appear to be simply highly derived Asemini, with adult morphology convergent with lucaniform Prioninae and the Vesperidae of the Amazon rainforest genus Migdolus . It has further complicated matters that various authors have misspelled the name of the group as "Spondylini" or "Spondylinae", but these are junior homonyms of Spondylidae Gray, 1826, a mollusc name.
Spondylidinae (this name has priority over Aseminae) includes seven tribes. [6] [7] The number of species below is approximate and changes over time.
The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns, are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described.
Dynastinae or rhinoceros beetles are a subfamily of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae). Other common names – some for particular groups of rhinoceros beetles – include Hercules beetles, unicorn beetles or horn beetles. Over 1,500 species and 225 genera of rhinoceros beetles are known.
The musk beetle is a Eurasian species of longhorn beetle belonging to the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Callichromatini. Its name comes from the delicate musky smell it emits when menaced. The beetle has a shell with an iridescence tone that changes with the angle of view. It has a hard shell around the thorax with hard sharp spines.
Friedrich F. Tippmann was a Hungarian entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera, especially the Cerambycidae.
Derobrachus geminatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. For over 100 years, this species was confused with the related species Derobrachus hovorei; essentially all literature prior to 2007 therefore uses the name geminatus for the wrong species, while the true geminatus was known under the junior name Derobrachus forreri. It is an uncommon species but fairly large, reaching 70 mm in length, that can be found from southern Arizona and Texas to Sinaloa and Baja California Sur.
Macrodontia is an American genus of long-horned beetles remarkable for their large size and for the large mandibles of the males in particular.
The Disteniidae are a small family of beetles in the superfamily Chrysomeloidea, traditionally treated as a group within the Cerambycidae.
The Oxypeltidae are a small family belonging to the superfamily Chrysomeloidea, widespread in the Andean region of Chile and Argentina. They have traditionally been considered a group within the Cerambycidae.
The Vesperidae are a small family of beetles, normally classified within the family Cerambycidae, of heterogeneous aspect but all characterised by larval stages related to roots of herbaceous plants or trees
Lepturinae, the lepturine beetles, is a subfamily of the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae), containing about 150 genera worldwide. This lineage is most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere. Until recently the subfamily Necydalinae was included within the lepturines, but this has been recently recognized as a separate subfamily. Nine tribes are usually recognized today, with a tenth, Caraphiini, created in 2016. A few genera are of uncertain placement within the subfamily.
Dorcasominae is a subfamily in the longhorn beetle family Cerambycidae. There are about 14 genera and more than 30 described species in Dorcasominae, found mainly in Asia and Africa. These genera are sometimes considered members of the tribe Dorcasomini, which would be the only tribe of this subfamily. This classification is in accordance with the TITAN Cerambycidae database, Catalogue of Life, and Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the Old World. It is similar to that of Bouchard et al. in "Family-group names in Coleoptera", 2011.
Asemini is a tribe of beetles in the subfamily Spondylidinae, containing the following genera and species:
Callichromatini is a tribe of beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, which includes the following genera:
Compsocerini is a tribe of beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, containing the following genera:
Derobrachus hovorei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, known variously as the palo verde beetle, palo verde root borer, or palo verde borer beetle. For over 100 years, this species was confused with the related species Derobrachus geminatus, and only recognized and given its own name by Santos-Silva in 2007; essentially all literature prior to 2007 therefore incorrectly uses the name geminatus for this species. It is a longhorn beetle native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico which derives its common name from the palo verde tree, and it is one of the largest beetles in North America, reaching up to three and a half inches in length. Adults are black or brown in colour, have long antennae, and spines on the thorax. They have wings and can fly, albeit awkwardly at times. Mature beetles emerge in the summer to mate. While not harmful to humans, they can bite in self-defense.
Tetropium fuscum, the brown spruce longhorn beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. Tetropium fuscum is native to Europe and Northern Asia, and has been introduced to Nova Scotia, Canada. Brown spruce longhorn is a pest of spruce trees.
Macrodactylini is a tribe of May beetles and junebugs in the family Scarabaeidae. There are at least 46 genera and over a thousand species described in the tribe Macrodactylini.
Sphaenothecus bilineatus, the double-banded bycid, is a species of long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
Euporus is a genus of beetles belonging to the large subfamily Cerambycinae in the family of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae).
Tragosoma depsarium is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It is the only one of its genus in Europe and is found mainly in cool regions of Northern Europe and Siberia, along with the high altitudes of the Alps and other mountain ranges. This beetle typically lives in open and manageable dry forest areas with old trees. Due to the decline of coniferous forests with a corresponding proportion of old wood, the beetle populations are also declining. In some regions of its range, including Germany, Tragosoma depsarium is considered endangered.