| Steccherinaceae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Steccherinum ochraceum | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Steccherinaceae Parmasto (1968) |
| Type genus | |
| Steccherinum Gray (1821) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
The Steccherinaceae are a family of about 200 species of fungi in the order Polyporales. It includes crust-like, toothed, and poroid species that cause a white rot in dead wood.
The family was circumscribed by Czech mycologist Erast Parmasto in 1968. [2] Parmasto's original concept included species that are today classified in the Agaricales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, and Russulales. A large-scale molecular study published in 2012 by Otto Miettinen and colleagues redefined the limits of the Steccherinaceae to include most species of the poroid and hydnoid genera Antrodiella , Junghuhnia , and Steccherinum , as well as members of 12 other hydnoid and poroid genera. These genera were traditionally classified in the families Phanerochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, and Meruliaceae. They commented: "we see the need for at least 30 monophyletic, morphologically distinguishable genera. These include no fewer than 15 new genera for both polypores and hydnoid fungi, and revival of several unused genus names." [3] In a subsequent 2016 publication coauthored with Leif Ryvarden, Miettinen circumscribed several new genera— Antella , Austeria , Butyrea , Citripora , and Trulla . [4] In a 2017 phylogenetic overview of the Polyporales, Alfredo Justo and colleagues have noted "The extreme morphological variation within the Steccherinaceae makes it very difficult to characterize the family by means other than phylogeny and a certain predominance of morphological characters." [1]
Walter Jülich created the family Mycorrhaphiaceae to contain the type genus Mycorrhaphium . [5] This family is now placed in synonymy with Steccherinaceae. [1]
The genus Xanthoporus and the Loweomyces clade occupy a basal position of the Steccherinaceae phylogenetic tree. The genus Antrodiella was found to be polyphyletic, containing species spread throughout 10 distinct clades in the Steccherinaceae. Although it is not known with certainty what the closest relatives of the Steccherinaceae are, the genera Climacocystis , Hypochnicium , Meripilus , Podoscypha , and Pouzaroporia consistently appear close regardless of the gene used for phylogenetic analysis. [3]
Species in the core Antrodiella clade are very close genetically, even between species with a rather different spore shape, suggesting that these taxa may be undergoing ongoing rapid speciation. In some cases, DNA evidence shows that two morphologically nearly identical Antrodiella species are more distantly related than species that have larger phenotypic differences. [3]
Most genera of the Steccherinaceae contain poroid or hydnoid fungi; Steccherinum contains both types. Steccherinaceae spores are usually broadly cylindrical or ellipsoid in shape. Characters useful for genus-level classification include fruit body colour and type, detailed hyphal structure, presence of cystidia, the strength of cyanophilic reactions of hyphae or spores, and the thickness of the spore walls. All species cause a white rot, and most grow on wood. Most of the species considered have a dimitic hyphal structure (containing both generative and skeletal hyphae), and most have clamps at the primary septa. [3]
Several genera are speculated to belong to the Steccherinaceae, although they have not yet been sampled: Amaurohydnum , Columnodontia , Cystidiodendron , Irpicochaete , Melzerodontia , Mycoleptodonoides , and Odontiochaete . [3] The genus Irpex has historically been placed in the Steccherinaceae, [7] but its type species, Irpex lacteus , is more closely related to Byssomerulius in the Phanerochaetaceae. [3] Irpex is now placed as the type genus of family Irpicaceae. [1]
The Polyporales are an order of about 1800 species of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The order includes some polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics. Many species within the order are saprotrophic, most of them wood-rotters. Some genera, such as Ganoderma and Fomes, contain species that attack living tissues and then continue to degrade the wood of their dead hosts. Those of economic importance include several important pathogens of trees and a few species that cause damage by rotting structural timber. Some of the Polyporales are commercially cultivated and marketed for use as food items or in traditional Chinese medicine.
Junghuhnia is a genus of crust fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. It was circumscribed by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda in 1842. The generic name honours German-Dutch botanist Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn.
The Meruliaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 47 genera and 420 species. As of April 2018, Index Fungorum accepts 645 species in the family.
The Phanerochaetaceae are a family of mostly crust fungi in the order Polyporales.
Antrodiella is a genus of fungi in the family Steccherinaceae of the order Polyporales.
Flaviporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae.
Irpex is a genus of corticioid fungi in the order Polyporales. Species produce fruit bodies that grow as a crust on the surface of dead hardwoods. The crust features an irpicioid spore-bearing surface, meaning it has irregular and flattened teeth. Irpex is distinguished from the similar genera Junghuhnia and Steccherinum by the simple septa found in the generative hyphae.
Mycorrhaphium is a genus of fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1962. The type species is Mycorrhaphium adustum. Fruit bodies of species in the genus have caps, stipes, and a hydnoid (tooth-like) hymenophore. There is a dimitic hyphal system, where the skeletal hyphae are found only in the tissue of the "teeth", and a lack of cystidia. The spores are smooth, hyaline (translucent), and inamyloid.
Steccherinum is a widely distributed genus of toothed crust fungi in the family Steccherinaceae.
The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.
Fibroporia is a genus of ten species of poroid crust fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The genus contains species similar to those in genus Antrodia, but they are phylogenetically distinct.
Antella is a genus of three species of crust fungi in the family Steccherinaceae.
Atraporiella is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae. It contains the crust fungus Atraporiella neotropica, known only from Belize.
Trulla is a fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae containing six species of polypores. It was circumscribed by mycologists Otto Miettinen and Leif Ryvarden in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for the Steccherinaceae based on molecular phylogenetics. Its closest relative in the Steccherinaceae is the genus Nigroporus, from which it differs in its light-coloured fruit bodies and monomitic context.
Metuloidea is a genus of five species of fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by New Zealand-based mycologist Gordon Herriot Cunningham in 1965. The type species is M. tawa, a fungus originally described by Cunningham as a species of Trametes. Formerly classified in family Meruliaceae, Metuloidea was moved to the Steccherinaceae in 2016, following prior research that outlined a revised framework for the Steccherinaceae based on molecular phylogenetics.
Metuloidea murashkinskyi is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. It is found in Europe and Asia, where it causes a white rot on the wood of deciduous trees.
Butyrea is a genus of two species of crust fungi in the family Steccherinaceae.
Metuloidea cinnamomea is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. Found in the Andes region of Venezuela, it was initially described in 2010 by Teresa Iturriaga and Leif Ryvarden as a species of Antrodiella. Otto Miettinen and Ryvarden transferred it to the newly created genus Metuloidea in 2016.
Trulla dentipora is a neotropical polypore fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Trulla. Characteristics of this species are the irregularly shaped pores with jagged or teeth-like edges, and the sausage-shaped spores. Found in Venezuela, the fungus was originally described by mycologists Leif Ryvarden and Teresa Iturriaga in 2004 as a species of Antrodiella. The type was collected in Henri Pittier National Park, where it was found growing on a hardwood log. Ryvarden and Otto Miettinen transferred the fungus to the newly created Trulla in 2016.
Antella niemelaei is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Steccherinaceae.