Stop Islamization of America

Last updated

Stop Islamization of America
AbbreviationSIOA
Formation2010 (2010)
27-2518993
President
 Pamela Geller
Co-founder
 Robert Spencer
Website freedomdefense.typepad.com
Formerly called
American Freedom Defense Initiative

Stop Islamization of America (SIOA), also known as the American Freedom Defense Initiative (AFDI), [1] is an anti-Muslim, [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] pro-Israel [7] [8] [9] American counter-jihad [10] organization known primarily for its controversial, Islamophobic advertising campaigns. [11] The group has been described as extremist and far-right. [12] The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) lists SIOA as an anti-Muslim hate group. [8] [9] [13]

Contents

SIOA was founded in 2010 by its current leaders, Pamela Geller and author Robert Spencer, at the request of Anders Gravers Pedersen, the leader of Stop Islamisation of Europe, of which it is the American affiliate. [1] It has launched ad campaigns in urban public transit systems, including one in New York City opposing Park51, a Muslim community center that had been proposed for Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center site in 2010. [14] In 2016, they have run public transit advertisements in San Francisco calling for the end of United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority.

Ideology

SIOA describes itself as a human rights organization, promoting freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and equal rights. [15] The SIOA's ideology has been called Islamophobic by political and historical scholars, news sources, religious leaders, and hate group watchdogs. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

History

2010

SIOA opposed the construction of Park51, originally named Cordoba House, a 13-story Muslim community center proposed for a location two blocks from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. On May 6, 2010, Geller posted a blog piece calling the building a "monster mosque" and a "stab in the eye of America" and comparing it to the reconsecration of the Hagia Sophia as a mosque by the Ottoman Turks after they conquered Constantinople in 1453. [1] In another blog post, Geller encouraged readers to protest its construction. [1] [22] [23]

In July 2010, the organization purchased bus advertising in New York and other American cities promoting a website purporting to advocate for Muslims who wanted to disclaim their religion but who feared they might be killed by other Muslims if they did so. [24] The Council on American-Islamic Relations criticized the premise of the ads, that there were any such Muslims, calling it "a smoke screen to advance [Geller's] long-standing history of anti-Muslim bigotry". [25]

The Anti-Defamation League, beginning in 2010, included SIOA in their online resource on extremist groups, saying that it "promotes a conspiratorial anti-Muslim agenda under the guise of fighting radical Islam" and "seeks to rouse public fears by consistently vilifying the Islamic faith and asserting the existence of an Islamic conspiracy to destroy 'American' values." [26]

2011

In 2011, the Southern Poverty Law Center named SIOA an anti-Muslim hate group, [27] [13] calling it a "propaganda powerhouse" that paints moderate Muslims as radical terrorists. [13] Geller described the SPLC listing as a "badge of honor" [28] and later, in 2015, stated to CNN, "Who designated the SPLC as a legitimate authority? They are a radical leftist group who targets patriots, vets and even GOP presidential candidates. They have never named a jihadi group as a hate group." [29]

In July and August 2011, Geller and Spencer were discussed in the media because Norwegian mass-murderer Anders Behring Breivik's anti-Muslim manifesto quoted Spencer at length, and also cited Geller's blog. [30] According to Heidi Beirich, deputy director of SPLC, Geller and Spencer's writings were "the primary sources for the anti-Muslim propaganda that had helped give voice" to Breivik's 1500+ page manifesto. [14] SIOA published a statement jointly with Jihad Watch and Stop Islamisation of Europe condemning Breivik's attack. [31]

2012

In 2012, SIOA sponsored ads in the public transit systems of New York City, Washington, D.C., and Chicago reading, "In any war between the civilized man and the savage, support the civilized man. Support Israel. Defeat Jihad." [32] The New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) initially refused to display them. [33] The authority's decision was ruled unconstitutional by Judge Paul A. Engelmayer of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in July 2012. Judge Engelmayer held that SIOA's ad was "core political speech" protected by the First Amendment. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Rabbis for Human Rights, the Sojourners Community, and United Methodist Women all sponsored subway ads countering SIOA's original ad and promoting religious tolerance. [38] The Jewish Council for Public Affairs called SIOA's ad "bigoted, divisive, and unhelpful", and Steve Gutow, its president, said, "The fact that ads have been placed in the subway attacking Israel does not excuse the use of attack ads against Muslims." [39] William McGurn, a former speechwriter for George W. Bush, wrote an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal supporting the ads, arguing that "savage" was an appropriate term to describe jihadists, and criticizing "our new political correctness". [40]

During the 2012 tax year, the organization reported total revenue of $157,870.00, no employee salary or compensation, and total operating expenses of $296,044.00. [41]

2013

In early January 2013, the SIOA placed advertisements in New York City Subway stations. that juxtaposed images of the September 11 attacks with a quote from the Quran: "Soon shall we cast terror into the hearts of the unbelievers." [42] [43] By that time the New York City Transit Authority, had changed its advertising policy to accept what it called "viewpoint advertisements" but to require a disclaimer saying that the Transit Authority did not endorse the advertiser's views. [44]

In the fiscal year 2013, the organization disclosed a complete revenue amounting to $958,800.00. Employee wages and benefits stood at $243,150.00, while the overall operational costs totaled $419,652.00. [45]

2014

In response to an ad by the American Muslims for Palestine that the SIOA called "Jew-hating", the SIOA sponsored an ad on Washington, D.C., buses with a photograph of Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem who supported the Nazi dictator before and during World War II. [46]

In May, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office was not required to grant SIOA a trademark registration for its name because it could be disparaging to American Muslims. Geller criticized the ruling, calling it a "complete whitewash" and describing the court as having a politically correct bias. [47]

2015

In 2015 the SIOA started a new ad campaign in New York, that included one parody billboard with a quote from Hamas stating 'Killing Jews is worship that draws us close to Allah.' A court judgement in April 2015 ruled that New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority cannot prevent the ads from running on buses. [48] [49]

In January 2015 a Muslim group organized a fundraiser called "Stand With the Prophet in Honor and Respect" at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas. [50] Pamela Geller spearheaded about 1,000 picketers at that event. [51] [52] The Garland Independent School District board president Rick Lambert said in January, "The Culwell Center is available for rental as long as you comply with the law. Because it is a public facility, the district is not allowed to discriminate based upon viewpoint." [52] [53]

Garland shooting

On May 3, 2015, the SIOA invited Geert Wilders to an art exhibit in Garland, Texas that offered a $10,000 prize for the best cartoon of Muhammad. During the event, a shooting incident occurred. [54] Both gunmen, later identified as ISIL-inspired, [55] were shot and killed by police shortly after the suspects shot a security guard. [56]

The SIOA says it spent $10,000 on security, and had 40 police officers and private security guards present. [57] The event was hosted at the Curtis Culwell Center, rented from the Garland Independent School District, which hosted an event in January called "Stand with the Prophet". [58]

Stop Islamization of Nations

Stop Islamization of Nations (SION) is an international counter-jihad [10] organization founded in 2012 by Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer of SIOA, and Anders Gravers Pedersen of SIOE. Other board members are Debbie Robinson, of Q Society of Australia; [59] Ezra Levant, a Canadian publisher; Wafa Sultan, a Syrian-American writer; Ali Sina, an Iranian-born Canadian activist; Stefan Herre, a German author of the blog Politically Incorrect; Mordechai Kedar, an Israeli author; Babu Suseelan, a Hindu activist; Oskar Freysinger, a Swiss politician; Cliff Kincaid, editor of the Accuracy in Media Report; and Ashraf Rameleh the President of Voice of the Copts. [60] [61] Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer are President and Vice President of SION. [60] SION has taken part in hosting international counter-jihad conferences along with other organisations and multiple individual speakers, including in Stockholm, Sweden and New York City in 2012 and in Melbourne, Australia in 2014. [62]

Related Research Articles

Islamophobia is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or hatred against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general. Islamophobia is primarily a form of religious or cultural bigotry; and people who harbour such sentiments often stereotype Muslims as a geopolitical threat or a source of terrorism. Muslims, with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, are often inaccurately portrayed by Islamophobes as a single homogenous racial group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert B. Spencer</span> American anti-Muslim writer and blogger

Robert Bruce Spencer is an American anti-Muslim author and blogger, and one of the key figures of the counter-jihad movement. Spencer founded and has directed the blog Jihad Watch since 2003. In 2010 he co-founded the organization Stop Islamization of America with Pamela Geller.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nonie Darwish</span> American activist (born 1948)

Nonie Darwish is an Egyptian-American author, writer, founder of the Arabs for Israel movement, and director of Former Muslims United. Darwish is an outspoken critic of Islam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Center for Security Policy</span> US security policy think tank

The Center for Security Policy (CSP) is a US far-right, anti-Muslim, Washington, D.C.–based think tank. The founder and former president of the organization was Frank J. Gaffney Jr.. The current president since January 1, 2023, is Tommy Waller, a former US Marine. CSP sometimes operates under its DBA name Secure Freedom. The organization also operates a public counter-jihad campaign and the website counterjihad.com.

Jihad Watch is an American far-right Anti-Islam blog operated by Robert Spencer. A project of the David Horowitz Freedom Center, Jihad Watch is the most popular blog within the counter-jihad movement.

The post-9/11 period is the time after the September 11 attacks, characterized by heightened suspicion of non-Americans in the United States, increased government efforts to address terrorism, and a more aggressive American foreign policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Horowitz Freedom Center</span> Non-profit organisation in the USA

The David Horowitz Freedom Center, formerly the Center for the Study of Popular Culture (CSPC), is a conservative anti-Islam foundation founded in 1988 by political activist David Horowitz and his long-time collaborator Peter Collier. It was established with funding from groups including the John M. Olin Foundation, the Bradley Foundation and the Scaife Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clarion Project</span> American non-profit organization

The Clarion Project is an American nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 2006. The organization has been involved in the production and distribution of the films Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West, The Third Jihad: Radical Islam's Vision For America and Iranium. These films have been criticized by some for allegedly falsifying information and described as anti-Muslim propaganda. The organization publishes a weekly "Extremism Roundup" newsletter.

Ali Sina is the pseudonym of an Iranian-born Canadian ex-Muslim activist and critic of Islam. Sina is the founder of the anti-Muslim website WikiIslam and maintains a number of websites promoting what he refers to as "the truth" about Islam. He is associated with the counter-jihad movement.

Americans for Peace and Tolerance (APT) is a Boston, Massachusetts, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization which describes itself as being devoted to "promoting peaceful coexistence in an ethnically diverse America by educating the American public about the need for a moderate political leadership that supports tolerance and core American values in communities across the nation." It has been labeled a hate group by American Muslim organizations, which allege that it has consistently targeted the Boston Muslim community through smear campaigns and guilt-by-association tactics. US Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz has labeled the group and its claims "incredibly racist and unfair."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACT for America</span> American anti-Muslim advocacy group

ACT for America, also referred to as ACT! for America, founded in 2007, is a US based advocacy group that stands against what it perceives as "the threat of radical Islam" to Americans. The group has been characterized by some media outlets as anti-Muslim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pamela Geller</span> American activist, blogger, commentator

Pamela Geller is an American anti-Muslim, far-right political activist, blogger and commentator. Geller promoted birther conspiracy theories about President Barack Obama, saying that he was born in Kenya and that he is a Muslim.

Counter-jihad, also known as the counter-jihad movement, is a self-titled, anti-Islamic political movement loosely consisting of authors, bloggers, think tanks, demonstrators, and other activists across the Western world. Proponents are linked by a far-right view of Islam as an actively destructive ideology rather than a religion, arguing that it constitutes an existential threat to Western civilization. Consequently, counter-jihadists consider all Muslims as a potential threat, especially when they are already living within Western boundaries. Western Muslims accordingly are portrayed as a "fifth column", collectively seeking to destabilize Western nations' identity and values for the benefit of an international Islamic movement intent on the establishment of a caliphate in Western countries. The counter-jihad movement has been variously described as anti-Islamic, Islamophobic, inciting hatred against Muslims, and far-right. Influential figures in the movement include the bloggers Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer in the US, and Geert Wilders and Tommy Robinson in Europe.

The Investigative Project on Terrorism (IPT) is a non-profit research group founded by Steven Emerson in 1995. IPT has been called a prominent part of the "Islamophobia network" within the United States and a "leading source of anti-Muslim racism" and noted for its record of selective reporting and poor scholarship.

David Yerushalmi is an American lawyer and political activist who is the driving counsel behind the anti-sharia movement in the United States. Along with Robert Muise, he is co-founder and senior counsel of the American Freedom Law Center. He is also general counsel to the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C., a national security think tank founded by Frank Gaffney described as far-right and conspiracist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gatestone Institute</span> American think tank focused on Islamic radicalism

Gatestone Institute is an American conservative think tank based in New York City, known for publishing articles pertaining to U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, specifically with regard to Islamic extremism. It was founded in 2012 by Nina Rosenwald, who serves as its president.John R. Bolton, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and former National Security Advisor, was its chairman from 2013 until March 2018. Its current chairman is Amir Taheri. The organization has attracted attention for publishing false or inaccurate articles, some of which were shared widely.

Nina Rosenwald is an American political activist and philanthropist. An heiress to the Sears Roebuck fortune, Rosenwald is vice president of the William Rosenwald Family Fund and co-chair of the board of American Securities Management. She is the founder and president of Gatestone Institute, a New York-based right-wing anti-Muslim think tank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamophobia in the United States</span> Prejudice towards Islam or Muslims in the US

American Muslims often face Islamophobia and racialization due to stereotypes and generalizations ascribed to them. Due to this, Islamophobia is both a product of and a contributor to the United States' racial ideology, which is founded on socially constructed categories of profiled features, or how people seem.

Bosch Fawstin is an American cartoonist and anti-Islam activist who is known for drawing the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Born a Muslim, his parents came from Albania. Fawstin left the religion and now describes himself as a "radical critic of Islam". He won a controversial Muhammad cartoon contest in 2015 that saw the Curtis Culwell Center attack take place.

The International Civil Liberties Alliance (ICLA) is an international counter-jihad organization that was originally founded in 2006, and which has spanned over twenty countries. Central to the organization has been Edward S. May of the Gates of Vienna blog, Alain Wagner and Christine Brim.

References

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  7. ↑ Calder, Rich; Edelman, Susan (April 21, 2015). "'Anti-Jihad' bus ads can't be blocked by MTA: judge". New York Post. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  8. 1 2 Dungca, Nicole (November 23, 2015). "MBTA bans all ads on political and social issues". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
  9. 1 2 Miller, Michael E. (April 22, 2015). "'Killing Jews is Worship' posters will soon appear on NYC subways and buses". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
  10. 1 2 Mulhall, Joe (2021). Drums In The Distance: Journeys Into the Global Far Right. Icon. ISBN   9781785787522.
  11. ↑ Islamophobic:
    Controversial:
  12. ↑ Ivanova, Mina (2013). "A Stab in the Eye of America or a Center for Multi-Faith Dialogue? Ideology and Contested Rhetorics Surrounding the Proposed Muslim Community Center near New York City's Ground Zero". In Clarke Rountree (ed.). Venomous Speech: Problems with American Political Discourse on the Right and Left. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN   9780313398674. Geller heads a small but vocal extreme right-wing group, called Stop Islamization of America. cf. note 4 (p.374) SIOA is associated with Stop Islamization of Europe, an organization with branches in nearly a dozen countries (mostly in Western Europe), founded by an eponymous Danish group that opposes immigration of Muslims to Europe.
  13. 1 2 3 Steinback, Robert (Summer 2011). "Jihad Against Islam". The Intelligence Report. No. 142. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  14. 1 2 Beirich, Heidi (2013). "Hate Across the Waters: The Role of American Extremists in Fostering an International White Consciousness". In Ruth Wodak; Majid KhosraviNik; Brigitte Mral (eds.). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. pp. 89–92. ISBN   978-1780932453. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  15. ↑ Yan, Holly (May 4, 2015). "Garland shooting: What is the American Freedom Defense Initiative?". CNN. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
  16. ↑ Ernst, Carl W. (2013). "Introduction: The Problem of Islamophobia". Islamophobia in America: The Anatomy of Intolerance. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-1137290083.
  17. ↑ Kumar, Deepa (2012). Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire. Haymarket Books. p. 179. ISBN   978-1608462117. ...the other leading sources of anti-Muslim racism are... Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer's Stop Islamization of America...
  18. ↑ Davidson, Lawrence (May 2011). "Islamophobia, the Israel Lobby and American Paranoia: Letter from America". Holy Land Studies. 10 (1): 87–95. doi:10.3366/hls.2011.0005.
  19. ↑ Rice, Stephanie (July 28, 2010). "'Anti-Islamic' bus ads appear in major cities". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012. In the Bay Area, more than 125 religious leaders of various faiths signed a statement in July denouncing the ads as "Islamophobic"
  20. ↑ "Hate Map (Southern Poverty Law Center)". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Stop Islamization of America (SIOA)". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  22. ↑ Elliott, Justin (August 16, 2010). "How the "ground zero mosque" fear mongering began". Salon. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
  23. ↑ Gottschalk, Peter (2012). "Religion Out of Place: Islam and cults as perceived threats in the United States". In Gershon Shafir; Everard Meade; William J. Aceves (eds.). Lessons and Legacies of the War on Terror: From Moral Panic to Permanent War. Critical Terrorism Studies. Routledge. pp. 111–112. ISBN   978-0415638418.
  24. ↑ Rice, Stephanie (July 28, 2010). "'Anti-Islamic' bus ads appear in major cities". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  25. ↑ "'Leaving Islam?' bus adverts draw anger in NYC". Telegraph. London. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Stop the Islamization of America (SIOA)". Extremism. Anti-Defamation League. September 14, 2010. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  27. ↑ Siemaszko, Corky (February 25, 2011). "Southern Poverty Law Center lists anti-Islamic NYC blogger Pamela Geller, followers a hate group". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Pam Geller On 'Hate Group' Label: 'A Badge of Honor'". Talking Points Memo. March 1, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
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  30. ↑ Shane, Scott (July 24, 2011). "Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  31. ↑ Nathan-Kazis, Josh; Guttman, Nathan (August 5, 2011). "U.S. Critics of Islam Vow To Continue Activism After Oslo". The Forward. A statement published on July 25 on Jihad Watch, by Spencer and Geller 's SIOA and Stop Islamisation of Europe, their group's European ally, condemned the attacks. The statement went on to say that Breivik had attempted to join SOIE, but had been kept out of the organization 'because of his Nazi ties.'
  32. ↑ "CTA Anti-Muslim Ads: Controversial 'Defeat Jihad' Ads Arrive In Chicago". Huffington Post. November 15, 2012. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  33. 1 2 "Controversial 'Defeat Jihad' ad to appear in NYC subways". CNN. September 19, 2012. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
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  35. ↑ Ted Mann (July 20, 2012). "Court Rejects MTA's Ban Against 'Demeaning' Transit Ads". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  36. ↑ Weiser, Benjamin (July 20, 2012). "M.T.A. Violated Rights of Pro-Israel Group, Judge Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
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  40. ↑ McGurn, William (October 1, 2012). "Call a Terrorist a 'Savage'? How Uncivilized". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  41. ↑ "American Freedom Defense Initiative, Tax Form 990" (PDF). GuideStar. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  42. ↑ "More Ads With Inflammatory Messages About Islam Appear In NYC Subway". CBS news. January 8, 2013. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
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  47. ↑ Bartz, Diane (May 13, 2014). "U.S. court says trademarks can't disparage religious, ethnic groups". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  48. ↑ Miller, Michael E. (April 22, 2015). "'Killing Jews is Worship' posters will soon appear on NYC subways and buses". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Posters slamming Islam for 'killing Jews' can be displayed on MTA buses: court". New York Daily News. April 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  50. ↑ Chasmar, Jessica (January 18, 2015). "'Stand With Prophet' event in Texas draws thousands of protesters". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  51. ↑ Merchant, Nomaan; Stengle, Jamie (May 3, 2015). "City: 2 gunmen killed outside Muhammad cartoon contest". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  52. 1 2 "As graduations near, some fear Garland ISD's Culwell Center now a target". The Dallas Morning News. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  53. ↑ "Islam debate returns to Garland ISD's Culwell Center with Muhammad art event". The Dallas Morning News. April 27, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Police: Men killed in Garland shooting had assault rifles, body armor". dallasnews.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Obama honors Garland officer who shot Islamic State-inspired terrorists". Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  56. ↑ Stack, Liam (May 3, 2015). "Gunmen Killed After Firing on Anti-Islamist Group's Event in Texas". New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  57. ↑ "Garland shooting: 2 killed after they open fire at Mohammed cartoon event". CNN. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  58. ↑ Chasmar, Jessica (January 18, 2015). "'Stand With Prophet' event in Texas draws thousands of protesters". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  59. ↑ "Key players: Debbie Robinson". Hope not Hate. January 17, 2017.
  60. 1 2 "Stop Islamization of Nations (SION) Calls on UN to Protect Christians of Syria". Press Release from PR Newswire . Reuters. January 20, 2012. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  61. ↑ "SION to Hold International Congress and Media Workshop to Address Islamic Supremacist War Against Free Speech". PR Newswire. March 15, 2012.
  62. ↑ "International counter-jihad organisations". Hope not hate. January 11, 2018.
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