| Stout-billed cinclodes | |
|---|---|
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| call recorded in Ecuador | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Cinclodes |
| Species: | C. excelsior |
| Binomial name | |
| Cinclodes excelsior Sclater, PL, 1860 | |
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The stout-billed cinclodes (Cinclodes excelsior) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. [2]
Various authors have placed the stout-billed cinclodes in genera Upucerthia or Geositta but these treatments have not been adopted by major taxonomic systems. [2] [3] [4] [5] Several authors have treated the stout-billed and royal cinclodes (C. aricomae) as conspecific. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society considers the evidence to be weak but is seeking a proposal for that treatment's acceptance. [5]
The stout-billed cinclodes has two subspecies, the nominate C. e. excelsior (Sclater, PL, 1860) and C. e. columbianus (Chapman, 1912). [2]
The stout-billed cinclodes is 20 to 21 cm (7.9 to 8.3 in) long and weighs 62 to 66 g (2.2 to 2.3 oz). It is a large cinclodes with a decurved, thick-based, bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a long white supercilium that extends to the hindneck, a whitish malar area with dark scallops, and an otherwise dark brown face with some narrow pale streaks. Their crown is very dark brown and their upperparts dark brown. Their wings are also dark brown, with blackish brown primary coverts and some rufous across the base of the flight feathers. Their tail is dark brown with increasing amounts of dull rufous from the inner to the outer feathers. Their throat is whitish with faint scallops, their upper breast light brown with indistinct paler scallops, and their lower breast and undertail coverts brownish with faint paler streaks. Their belly is pale grayish brown and their flanks brown with pale streaks. Their iris is brown to dark brown, their bill black, and their legs and feet brownish gray to blackish. Juveniles are like adults with more mottling on the breast. Subspecies C. e. columbianus has slightly darker upperparts, paler underparts, and a more distinct rufous wingband than the nominate. [6] [7] [8]
The stout-billed cinclodes has a disjunct distribution. Subspecies C. e. columbianus is the more northerly of the two, found in Tolima Department in Colombia's Central Andes. The nominate subspecies is found in the Andes from Nariño Department in extreme southwestern Colombia south through Ecuador as far as Azuay Province. The species inhabits a variety of landscapes including rocky páramo grasslands, semi-humid to humid montane scrublands, and sometimes groves of Polylepis and more barren areas with scattered shubs. It favors areas near water and boggy meadows. In elevation it mostly occurs between 3,200 and 4,500 m (10,500 and 14,800 ft) but can reach snowline as high as 5,200 m (17,100 ft). [6] [7] [8]
The stout-billed cinclodes is a year-round resident throughout its range. [6]
The stout-billed cinclodes mostly feeds in invertebrates but also includes seeds and small vertebrates like frogs in its diet. It forages singly or in pairs, probing and digging for prey in moist soil, mud, and debris; it occasionally will glean from low vegetation. [6] [7] [8]
The stout-billed cinclodes breeds in the austral summer, including at least November and December. The species is thought to be monogamous. Males sing and make a wing-flapping display from a perch. The species nests at the end of tunnel it excavates in an earth bank (especially somewhat friable pumice soils) and makes a pad of vegetable matter there. The clutch size is thought to be two eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known. [6]
The stout-billed cinclodes' song is "a rising and swelling trill, 'tr-r-r-r-r-r-r-reet' ". [8] Its calls include "a nasal 'kiu' or 'druut' or 'ken-eek' [and] low twittering notes in flight". [6]
The IUCN has assessed the stout-billed cinclodes as being of Least Concern. It has a somewhat restricted range and an unknown population size, but the latter is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] It is considered uncommon to locally common and occurs in at least two protected areas in Ecuador. [6]
The streaked xenops is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in the New World from Costa Rica and Trinidad south to Bolivia and Argentina.
The streaked tuftedcheek is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The plain xenops is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in the tropical New World from southern Mexico south as far as northern Bolivia and east across Brazil.
The blackish cinclodes is a Near Threatened passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Chile, and on the Falkland Islands, where it is known as the tussac-bird or tussock-bird.
The scaly-throated foliage-gleaner, also known as the spectacled foliage-gleaner, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Mexico, in every Central American country except Nicaragua, and in Colombia and Ecuador.
The white-winged cinclodes is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
The Cordoba cinclodes or Comechingones cinclodes is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Argentina.
The buff-winged cinclodes is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and as a vagrant on the Falkland Islands.
The grey-flanked cinclodes, formerly known as Oustalet's cinclodes, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Chile.
The Peruvian seaside cinclodes or surf cinclodes is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
The chestnut-winged foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The rufous-tailed foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and possibly French Guiana.
The buff-fronted foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.
The grey-throated leaftosser is a Near Threatened species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.
The black-tailed leaftosser is a species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The short-billed leaftosser is a species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The ocellated woodcreeper is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The scaly-breasted woodpecker, also known as the scale-breasted woodpecker, is a subspecies of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. Some taxonomists consider it a separate species. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The Pacific tuftedcheek is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.
The dusky leaftosser or South American leaftosser is a bird in subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Giana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
