Syllidae | |
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Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Annelida |
Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
Subclass: | Errantia |
Order: | Phyllodocida |
Suborder: | Nereidiformia |
Family: | Syllidae Grube 1850 [1] |
Synonyms | |
Levidoridae |
Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms, [2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle. [3] [4]
Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water. [3] [5]
They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders. [6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator. [7]
The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development. [4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals. [8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall. [9]
Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan. [10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.
The genus Glycera is a group of polychaetes commonly known as bloodworms. They are typically found on the bottom of shallow marine waters, and some species can grow up to 35 cm (14 in) in length.
Nereis is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Nereididae. It comprises many species, most of which are marine. Nereis possess setae and parapodia for locomotion and gas exchange. They may have two types of setae, which are found on the parapodia. Acicular setae provide support. Locomotor setae are for crawling, and are the bristles that are visible on the exterior of the Polychaeta. They are cylindrical in shape, found not only in sandy areas, and they are adapted to burrow. They often cling to seagrass (posidonia) or other grass on rocks and sometimes gather in large groups.
Salvatoria is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Syllidae.
Harmothoe is a genus of marine Polychaete worms belonging to the family Polynoidae. Species of Harmothoe are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.
Cirriformia is a genus of marine polychaete worms in the family Cirratulidae.
Salvatoria pilkena is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida. It is known to inhabit the tidal mud- and sandflats of the Hinchinbrook Channel in Queensland.
Erinaceusyllis is a genus belonging to the phylum Annelida, a group known as the segmented worms. Erinaceusyllis is a marine genus, while some of its species are possibly cosmopolitan. Its type species is Erinaceusyllis erinaceus, formerly Sphaerosyllis erinaceus. As of 2015, at least 12 species have been described, namely E. belizensis, E. bidentata, E centroamericana, E. cirripapillata, E. cryptica, E. erinaceus, E ettiennei, E. hartmannschroederae, E horrocksensis, E. kathrynae, E. opisthodentata, E. serratosetosa. The family contains two other genera, Sphaerosyllis and Prosphaerosyllis.
Erinaceusyllis cirripapillata is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida. It was first found in the mud at a depth of 3 m (9.8 ft) New South Wales' Richmond River.
Erinaceusyllis hartmannschroederae is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida. It is found in the intertidal zone to depths of 15 metres (49 ft). The species is named in honour of Gesa Hartmann-Schröder, an expert on syllid species.
Erinaceusyllis kathrynae is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida. It has been found at depths of 3–18 m (9.8–59 ft) in coral rubble, sponges, and coralline algae on both the west and east coasts of Australia. It is named for Kathryn Attwood of the Australian Museum.
Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculata is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida, a group known as the segmented worms. Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculatan is similar to Sphaerosyllis aciculata from Florida; its chaetae are almost identical; the former, however, differs by having longer antennae and anal cirri, as well as parapodial glands with granular material. The animal's name is derived from the Aboriginal word barduk, meaning "near", alluding to the aforementioned likeness with S. aciculata.
Sphaerosyllis voluntariorum is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida, a group known as the segmented worms. This species is closely related to Sphaerosyllis bifurcata, Sphaerosyllis bifurcatoides and Sphaerosyllis rotundipapillata, all endemic species to Australia, characterized by having large dorsal papillae, sometimes trilobed, and with shafts of compound chaetae distally bifid. S. voluntariorum is more densely papillated on its anterior segments and has a long subdistal spine on the ventral simple chaetae. This species' name alludes to the volunteers of the Marine Invertebrate section of The Australian Museum, who sorted specimens of syllids that led to the description of this animal.
Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni is a species belonging to the phylum Annelida, a group known as the segmented worms. Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni is distinct by its large parapodial glands with hyaline material; by its small size; short proventricle; a median antenna that is inserted posteriorly to the lateral antennae; as well as long pygidial papillae. Juveniles of S. hirsuta are very similar to this species. Sphaerosyllis pygipapillata has all of its antennae aligned, a smooth dorsum, while its pygidial papillae are longer and slender. The species' name honours George Harrison, musician who died prior to the species' describing article's publication.
Ramisyllis multicaudata is a species of polychaete worm in the family Syllidae. It was found in Darwin Harbour, Australia, where it was living within the tissues of a sponge of the genus Petrosia. It was the second branching species of polychaete worm to have been discovered, the first having been Syllis ramosa, a deep water species, more than a century earlier. In 2022, a second species in R. multicaudata's genus, Ramisyllis kingghidorahi, was described from specimens taken off the coast of Sado Island, Japan.
Oxydromus is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Hesionidae.
Thelepus is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Terebellidae.
Prosphaerosyllis is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Syllidae.
Odontosyllis is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Syllidae.
Pionosyllis is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Syllidae.