Tapinella atrotomentosa

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Tapinella atrotomentosa
Samtfuss-Holzkrempling Tapinella atrotomentosa.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Tapinellaceae
Genus: Tapinella
Species:
T. atrotomentosa
Binomial name
Tapinella atrotomentosa
(Batsch) Šutara (1992)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus atrotomentosusBatsch (1783)
  • Paxillus atrotomentosus(Batsch) Fr. (1833)
  • Rhymovis atrotomentosa(Batsch) Rabenh. (1844)
  • Sarcopaxillus atrotomentosus(Batsch) Zmitr. (2004)
Tapinella atrotomentosa
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Depressed cap icon.svg Cap is depressed
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is buff
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Tapinella atrotomentosa, commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed tap, [2] is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects.

Contents

Taxonomy

Tapinella atrotomentosa was originally described as Agaricus atrotomentosus by German naturalist August Batsch in his 1783 work Elenchus Fungorum, [3] and given its current name by Josef Šutara in 1992. [4] It is commonly known as the "velvet-footed pax", [5] and the "velvet rollrim". [6] Historical synonyms include Paxillus atrotomentosus by Elias Magnus Fries (1833), [7] Rhymovis atrotomentosa by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (1844), [8] and Sarcopaxillus atrotomentosus by Ivan Zmitrovich (2004). [1] [9] The variety bambusinus was described from Trinidad in 1951 by British mycologists Richard Eric Defoe Baker and William Thomas Dale. [10]

The species name is derived from the Latin words atrotomentosus, meaning "black-haired". [11] It is still commonly seen under its old name Paxillus atrotomentosus in guidebooks. [12] Tapinella atrotomentosa and its relative T. panuoides were placed in a separate genus Tapinella on account of their habit of growing on (and rotting) wood, and microscopic differences including much smaller spore size, lack of cystidia, and differing basidia. [4] Their off-centre stipe also distinguished them from other members of the genus Paxillus , [13] and genetic analysis confirmed them as only distantly related. [14]

Description

The fruit body is squat mushroom with a cap up to 28 cm (11 in) across, sepia- or walnut brown in colour with a rolled rim and depressed centre. The stem is covered with dark brown or black velvety fur. The gills are cream-yellow and forked, while the thick stipe is dark brown and juts out sidewards from the mushroom. [15] The flesh is yellowish, [16] and has been described as appetising in appearance, and is little affected by insects; [17] the taste however is acrid. [16] The spore print is yellow and the spores are round to oval and measure 5-6 μm long. [18]

Distribution and habitat

It is a saprobic fungus found growing on tree stumps of conifers in North America, Europe, [19] Central America (Costa Rica), [20] east into Asia where it has been recorded from Pakistan [21] and China. [22] The fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn, even in drier spells when other mushrooms are not evident. [17]

Toxicity

Although Tapinella atrotomentosa mushrooms are not generally considered edible, [11] they have been used as a food source in parts of eastern Europe. [19] The species contains toxins which may cause gastrointestinal upset. [23] There have been cases of poisoning reported in European literature. [24] Linus Zeitlmayr reports that young mushrooms are edible, but warns than older ones have a foul bitter or inky flavour and are possibly poisonous. [18] The bitter flavour is allegedly improved by boiling the mushrooms and discarding the water, but is indigestible to many. [17]

Tests on the chemical composition and free amino acid levels of the mushroom suggest that they are not considerably different from other edible gilled mushrooms such as Armillaria mellea . [25]

Chemistry

Tapinella atrotomentosa has a wound-activated defence mechanism whereby injured fruit bodies convert chemicals known as leucomentins into atromentin, butenolide, and the feeding deterrent osmundalactone. [26] Atromentin had previously been identified as the pigment producing the brown colour of the cap, [27] but was not characterized as a chemical defence compound until 1989. [28] Other compounds produced by the fungus include the orange-yellow flavomentins and violet spiromentin pigments. [29] A novel dimeric lactone, bis-osumundalactone, was isolated from the variety bambusinus. [30]

Several phytoecdysteroids (compounds related to the insect moulting hormone ecdysteroid) have been identified from the fungus, including paxillosterone, 20,22-p-hydroxybenzylidene acetal, atrotosterones A, B, and C, and 25-hydroxyatrotosterones A and B. [31]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletales</span> Order of fungi

The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolete</span> Type of fungal fruiting body

A bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body. It can be identified thanks to a unique cap. On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surface with pores, instead of the gills typical of mushrooms. A similar pore surface is found in polypores, but these species generally have a different physical structure from boletes, and have different microscopic characteristics than boletes. Many polypores have much firmer, often woody, flesh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lamella (mycology)</span> Gills used by mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal

In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, Lactarius species typically seep latex from their gills.

<i>Paxillus involutus</i> Species of fungus

Paxillus involutus, also known as the brown roll-rim or the common roll-rim, is a basidiomycete fungus that is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. It has been inadvertently introduced to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and South America, probably transported in soil with European trees. Various shades of brown in colour, the fruit body grows up to 6 cm high and has a funnel-shaped cap up to 12 cm wide with a distinctive inrolled rim and decurrent gills that may be pore-like close to the stipe. Although it has gills, it is more closely related to the pored boletes than to typical gilled mushrooms. It was first described by Pierre Bulliard in 1785, and was given its current binomial name by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838. Genetic testing suggests that Paxillus involutus may be a species complex rather than a single species.

<i>Paxillus</i> Genus of fungi

Paxillus is a genus of mushrooms of which most are known to be poisonous or inedible. Species include Paxillus involutus and Paxillus vernalis. Two former species—Tapinella panuoides and Tapinella atrotomentosa—have now been transferred to the related genus Tapinella in the family Tapinellaceae

<i>Chalciporus piperatus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America

Chalciporus piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has been recorded under introduced trees in Brazil, and has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native Nothofagus cunninghamii trees. A small bolete, the fruit body has a 1.6–9 cm orange-fawn cap with cinnamon to brown pores underneath, and a 4–9.5 cm high by 0.6–1.2 cm thick stipe. The flesh has a very peppery taste. The rare variety hypochryseus, found only in Europe, has yellow pores and tubes.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hygrophoropsidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hygrophoropsidaceae are a family of mushrooms that are gilled in appearance but lie within the Boletales. The family contains 18 species within two genera: Leucogyrophana and Hygrophoropsis, with the best-known member being the "false chanterelle", Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca. Hygrophoropsidaceae was circumscribed by French mycologist Robert Kühner in 1980, with Hygrophoropsis as the type genus. Unlike most members of the Boletales, Hygrophoropsidaceae species are saprophytic wood-rotting fungi that cause brown rot in their hosts. The genera Austropaxillus and Tapinella, once placed in this family, are now classified in the Serpulaceae and Tapinellaceae, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paxillaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Paxillaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi bearing close affinity to the boletes. Collectively, the family contains nine genera and 78 species. The type genus is Paxillus, containing fungi with decurrent gills, and Gyrodon, which has members with decurrent pores, among others. French mycologist René Maire had erected the family in 1902, placing it between the agarics and boletes and recognizing the groups' similarities with the latter group. Maire's usage of the name was later deemed to be invalid, and the genus authority is attributed to Johannes Paulus Lotsy. Molecular research confirms the relations of Gyrodon, with the decurrent-pored mushroom G. lividus, Paragyrodon, with the type species P. sphaerosporus, and Paxillus as sister groups, together lying near the base of a phylogenetic tree from which the genus Boletus arises. The name Gyrodontaceae, published by Belgian botanist Paul Heinemann in 1951, is considered synonymous with Paxillaceae.

<i>Serpula lacrymans</i> Species of fungus

Serpula lacrymans is a species of fungi known for causing dry rot. It is a basidiomycete in the order Boletales. It has the ability to rapidly colonise sites through unique and highly specialised mycelium which also leads to greater degradation rates of wood cellulose.

<i>Gyrodon lividus</i> Species of fungus

Gyrodon lividus, commonly known as the alder bolete, is a pored mushroom bearing close affinity to the genus Paxillus. Although found predominantly in Europe, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with alder, it has also recorded from China, Japan and California. Fruit bodies are distinguished from other boletes by decurrent bright yellow pores that turn blue-grey on bruising. G. lividus mushrooms are edible.

<i>Hydnellum aurantiacum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom.

<i>Geastrum corollinum</i> Species of fungus

Geastrum corollinum is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus Geastrum, or earthstar fungi. First described scientifically by German naturalist August Johann Georg Karl Batsch in 1792 as Lycoperdon corollinum, it was transferred to the genus Geastrum by László Hollós in 1904.

<i>Hygrophoropsis</i> Genus of fungi

Hygrophoropsis is a genus of gilled fungi in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It was circumscribed in 1888 to contain the type species, H. aurantiaca, a widespread fungus that, based on its appearance, has been affiliated with Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Paxillus. Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus belongs to the suborder Coniophorineae of the order Boletales.

<i>Gyroporus cyanescens</i> Species of fungus

Gyroporus cyanescens, commonly known as the bluing bolete or the cornflower bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Gyroporaceae. First described from France in 1788, the species is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and eastern North America, where it grows on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests.

<i>Clavariadelphus ligula</i> Species of fungus

Clavariadelphus ligula, commonly known as the strap coral, is a species of fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It produces club-shaped fruit bodies with spongy flesh that grow in groups on the forest floor. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

<i>Austropaxillus</i> Genus of fungi

Austropaxillus is a genus of fungi in the family Serpulaceae, containing nine species found in Australia, New Zealand and South America.

<i>Resupinatus applicatus</i> Species of fungus

Resupinatus applicatus, commonly known as the smoked oysterling or the black jelly oyster, is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Resupinatus. First described in 1786 as Agaricus applicatus by August Johann Georg Karl Batsch, it was transferred to Resupinatus by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821.

<i>Tapinella panuoides</i> Species of fungus

Tapinella panuoides, also known as oyster rollrim, and as fan pax from its former binomial Paxillus panuoides, is a fungus species in the genus Tapinella.

<i>Austropaxillus infundibuliformis</i> Species of fungus

Austropaxillus infundibuliformis is a species of fungus in the family Serpulaceae. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in the eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia. It is readily recognised by its tawny yellow colour, large size and forked decurrent gills.

References

  1. 1 2 "Tapinella atrotomentosa (Batsch) Šutara, Ceská Mykologie, 46 (1-2): 50, 1992". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  2. ↑ Schwarz, Christian; Siegel, Noah (2016). Mushrooms of the redwood coast: a comprehensive guide to the fungi of coastal northern California. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-1-60774-817-5.
  3. ↑ Batsch AJGK. (1783). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin and German). Magdeburg, Halle: Apud Joannem Jacobum Gebauer. p. 89, plate 8:32.
  4. 1 2 Šutara J. (1992). "The genera Paxillus and Tapinella in Central Europe". Ceská Mykologie. 46 (1–2): 50–56.
  5. ↑ Bessette A. (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse University Press. p. 181. ISBN   978-0-8156-3112-5.
  6. ↑ Holden L. (July 2014). "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society . Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  7. ↑ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematus Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum (in Latin). Uppsala: Typographia Academica. p. 317.
  8. ↑ Rabenhorst L. Deutschlands Kryptogamenflora (in German). Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Leipzig. p. 453.
  9. ↑ Zmitrovich IV, Malysheva VF, Malysheva EF, Spirin WA (2004). "Pleurotoid fungi of Leningrad Region (with notes on rare and interesting East-European taxa)". Folia Cryptogamica Petropolitana. 1: 1–124 (see p. 53).
  10. ↑ Baker RE, Dale WT (1951). Fungi of Trinidad and Tobago. Mycological Papers. Vol. 33. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. p. 92.
  11. 1 2 Nilson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. pp. 120–21. ISBN   0-14-063005-8.
  12. ↑ Buczacki S, Shields C, Ovenden D (2012). Collins Fungi Guide: The most complete field guide to the mushrooms and toadstools of Britain & Ireland. HarperCollins UK. ISBN   978-0007413430.
  13. ↑ Høiland K (1987). "A new approach to the phylogeny of the order Boletales (Basidiomycotina)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 7 (6): 705–18. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb02038.x.
  14. ↑ Bresinsky A; Jarosch M; Fischer M; Schönberger I; Wittmann-bresinsky B. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships within Paxillus s. I. (Basidiomycetes, Boletales): Separation of a Southern Hemisphere genus". Plant Biology. 1 (3): 327–33. Bibcode:1999PlBio...1..327B. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1999.tb00260.x. ISSN   1435-8603.
  15. ↑ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1991). Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part. Mykologia. p. 90. ISBN   3-85604-230-X.
  16. 1 2 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 185. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  17. 1 2 3 Haas H. (1969). The Young Specialist Looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 56. ISBN   0-222-79409-7.
  18. 1 2 Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN   0-584-10324-7.
  19. 1 2 Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 304. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
  20. ↑ Gómez-Pignataro LD. (1992). "Los Basidiomicetes de Costa Rica: V. Paxillaceae Agaricales, Boletineae" [Basidiomycetes from Costa Rica. V. Paxillaceae Agaricales, Boletineae]. Brenesia (in Spanish) (38): 105–13. ISSN   0304-3711.
  21. ↑ Sarwar S, Khalid AN (2013). "Preliminary Checklist of Boletales in Pakistan" (PDF). Mycotaxon: 1–12.
  22. ↑ Zang M, Zeng XL (1978). "A preliminary study of the family Paxillaceae of Yunnan and Tibet China". Weishengwu Xuebao (in Chinese). 18 (4): 279–86. ISSN   0001-6209.
  23. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 288. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  24. ↑ Musselius SG, Ryk AA, Lebedev AG, Pakhomova GV, Golikov PP, Davydov BV, Donova LV, Zimina LN, Platonova GA, Selina IE, Skvortsova AV (2002). "K voprosu o toksichnosti gribov vida svinushka tonkaia i tolstaia" [Toxicity of mushrooms Paxillus involutus and Paxillus atrotomentosus]. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia (in Russian) (2): 20–35. PMID   12226995.
  25. ↑ Zhuk YT, Papilina VA. "Food value of the fungi Lactarius necator, Lactarius deliciosus and Paxillus atrotomentosus growing in western Siberia USSR". Rastitel'nye Resursy (in Russian). 18 (2): 256–59. ISSN   0033-9946.
  26. ↑ Spiteller P. (2002). "Chemical defence strategies of higher fungi". Chemistry: A European Journal. 14 (30): 9100–10. doi:10.1002/chem.200800292. PMID   18601235.
  27. ↑ Kögl F, Becker H, Detzel A, De Voss G (1928). "Untersuchungen über Pilzfarbstoffe. VI. Die Konstitution des Atromentins". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 465 (1): 211–42. doi:10.1002/jlac.19284650111.
  28. ↑ Holzapfel M, Kilpert C, Steglich W (1989). "Pilzfarbstoffe, 60 Über Leucomentine, farblose Vorstufen des Atromentins aus dem Samtfußkrempling (Paxillus atrotomentosus)". European Journal of Organic Chemistry (in German). 1989 (8): 797–801. doi:10.1002/jlac.198919890227.
  29. ↑ Besl H, Bresinsky A, Geigenmüller G, Herrman R, Kilpert C, Steglich W (1989). "Pilzfarbstoffe, 61 Flavomentine und Spiromentine, neue Terphenylchinon-Derivate aus Paxillus atrotomentosus und P. panuoides (Boletales)". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 1989 (8): 803–10. doi:10.1002/jlac.198919890228.
  30. ↑ Hashimoto T, Arakawa T, Tanaka M, Asakawa Y (2002). "A novel dimeric lactone bis-osmundalactone from the Japanese inedible mushroom Paxillus atromentosus var. bambusinus". Heterocycles. 56 (1–2): 581–88. doi: 10.3987/com-01-s(k)66 . ISSN   0385-5414.
  31. ↑ Vokáč K, Buděšínský M, Harmatha J, Píš J (1998). "New ergostane type ecdysteroids from fungi. Ecdysteroid constituents of mushroom Paxillus atrotomentosus". Tetrahedron. 54 (8): 1657–66. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10373-8.
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