Timeline of Maastricht

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The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Maastricht, Netherlands.

Roman Period

• circa 10 BC - Construction of Roman main road from Cologne to the coast ( Via Belgica  [ nl ]).
• 1st half of 1st century AD - Maastricht Roman bridge  [ nl ] built; gradual development of settlement on both sides of the river Meuse.
• ca. 150 - Construction of Roman baths and walled sanctuary (with a 9-meter sculpted Jupiter column).
• ca. 270 - Destruction of Roman Maastricht by invading Germanic tribes.
• 333 - Roman Castellum, Maastricht  [ nl ] (fortress) built.
• 384 - Death of Saint Servatius in Maastricht (traditional); establishment of Roman Catholic Diocese of Maastricht (uncertain; this may have happened in the 6th c. only). ^[1]

Middle Ages

• ca. 570 - Bishop Monulph builds a large stone church on the grave of Saint Servatius.
• ca. 590-670 - At least twelve royal mint masters active in Maastricht.
• 595 - Childebert II in Maastricht.
• 667-670 - Childeric II in Maastricht.
• 690-695 - Clovis IV in Maastricht.
• ca. 700 - Murder of Lambert of Maastricht.
• 720 - Seat of the Maastricht diocese moved to Liège (traditional date; this may have happened later in the 8th/9th c.).
• late 8th/early 9th c. - Alcuin and Einhard (lay) abbots of Saint Servatius.
• 881 - Sack of Maastricht  [ nl ] by Vikings. ^[2]
• 1001 - Reburial of Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine in the crypt of the church of Saint Servatius.
• 11th/12th c. - Chapter of Saint Servatius  [ nl ] at its apogee; at least five successive provosts were chancellors of the Holy Roman Empire; collegiate churches of Saint Servatius and Our Lady renewed.
• 1204 - Siege of Maastricht (1204)  [ nl ] by Hugues de Pierrepont, prince-bishop of Liège, and Louis II, Count of Loon; Maastricht condominium  [ nl ] established between Liège and Brabant.
• 1229 - Duke of Brabant gives permission to replace the (partly?) earthen defence works by a stone city wall.
• 1230 - Order of St Mary Magdalene ("white nuns") establish monastery in Maastricht (until 1796).
• 1234 - Franciscans establish a monastery in Maastricht (throughout the ages around twenty Franciscan monasteries  [ nl ] existed in Maastricht, including Third Order monasteries).
• ca. 1240 - Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony establish monastery ('commandry') in Maastricht (until 1783).
• ca. 1250 - Dominicans and Augustinians establish monasteries in Maastricht (until 1796).
• 1251 - First mention of Nieuwenhof  [ nl ] beguinage, later turned into several monasteries of Third Order Franciscan nuns and friars.
• 1275 - Roman bridge collapses during a procession; many drowned.
• 1280-98 - Sint Servaasbrug (bridge) built. ^[3]
• 1282 - Teutonic Order establish a commandry in Maastricht (until 1796).
• mid-14th century - second medieval city wall built, enlarging the city surface by 400%.
• 1376 - first mention of Saint Andrew Monastery  [ nl ], first a beguinage, later a monastery of Third Order Franciscan nuns.
• 1391 - First recorded instance of the seven-yearly Pilgrimage of the Relics.
• 1407/08 - Siege of Maastricht (1407/08)  [ nl ] by Liège rebels.
• 1438 - Crosier Monastery, Maastricht established (until 1796)
• ca. 1470 - Dinghuis courthouse built.
• 1476 - De Beyart  [ nl ] established, monastery of Third Order Franciscan nuns.

16th–18th century

• 1535 - Fifteen anabaptists burned in Vrijthof.
• 1551 - Jacob Bathen starts printing and publishing business. ^[4]
• 1566 - Beeldenstorm in Maastricht; several churches looted by fanatic Protestants.
• 1570 - Jesuits establish a monastery and a college (1575).
• 1576 - Sack of Maastricht  [ nl ] by Spanish troops and German mercenaries.
• 1579 - Siege of Maastricht (1579) by Spanish forces, followed by three-day sack; all Protestants killed or expelled. ^[3]
• 1632 - Capture of Maastricht by Dutch forces; ^{[5] [6]} equal rights for Protestants and Catholics; several churches ceded to Protestants.
• 1638 - Maastricht Treason  [ nl ]: 22 traitors accused of helping the Spanish in recapturing the city; nine are executed.
• 1662 - Municipal library founded. ^{[7] [8]}
• 1673 - Siege of Maastricht (1673) by French forces. ^[3]
• 1678 - Peace of Nijmegen: French vacate the city; Dutch in power. ^[5]
• 1683 - Maastricht City Hall completed, designed by Pieter Post. Sint Servaasbrug (bridge) partly re-built. ^[3]
• 1748 - Siege of Maastricht (1748) by French forces; occupation lasted only a few months. ^[3] Large scale model of the city and its fortifications built by the French (now in the Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille).
• 1789 - Bonbonnière  [ nl ] theatre opens.
• 1793 - Siege of Maastricht (1793) by French forces (failed).
• 1794 - Siege of Maastricht (1794). ^[3]
• 1795 - Maastricht becomes capital of the French Meuse-Inférieure département as part of the French First Republic, later First French Empire (until 1814).
• 1796 - Suppression of the monasteries and religious chapters in Maastricht; parish churches remain open if priests take the Oath of Hatred  [ nl ], which many refuse. Many art treasures, libraries and archives destroyed or looted.

19th century

• 1805 - Generaalshuis  [ nl ] (now a theater) built in Vrijthof.
• 1811 - General Cemetery Tongerseweg  [ nl ] established (including Jewish Cemetery, Maastricht  [ nl ]).
• 1815 - Maastricht becomes capital of the Province of Limburg, as part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• 1822 - Société des Amis des Sciences, Lettres et Arts founded (precursor of Limburg Historical and Antiquarian Society; see 1929). ^[9]
• 1824 - Population: 20,271. ^[10]
• 1826 - Zuid-Willemsvaart (canal), including Bassin, Maastricht  [ nl ] (port) opened.
• 1834 - Petrus Regout  [ nl ] manufacturer of glass and pottery in business. ^[11]
• 1837 - Maastricht City Park  [ nl ] in use.
• 1838 - Saint Nicholas Church, Maastricht  [ nl ] demolished.
• 1840 - Maastricht Synagogue  [ nl ] built. ^[12]
• 1850 - Liège-Maastricht Canal  [ nl ] dug, parallel to Meuse. Many buildings on the riverside demolished, including Antonite Church, Maastricht  [ nl ]
• 1851 - Le Courrier de la Meuse  [ nl ] French-language newspaper begins publication.
• 1853 - Aachen-Maastricht Railway Company  [ nl ] begins operating. ^[13]
• 1859 - Saint Martin's Church, Maastricht  [ nl ] rebuilt. ^[3]
• 1861 - Liège–Maastricht railway begins operating.
• 1863 - Société Céramique  [ nl ] manufactory in business.
• 1865 - Maastricht–Venlo railway begins operating.
• 1866 - Population: 28,495. ^[14]
• 1867 - Maastricht taken off list of fortified cities. Medieval city wall and ring of outer fortifications largely dismantled between 1867 and circa 1920.
• 1877 - Population: 29,083. ^[15]
• 1881 - Limburg State Archives headquartered in former First Minorite Church, Maastricht  [ nl ]. ^[16]
• 1884 - Bonnefantenmuseum established (as a museum of archaeology and local history).
• 1886 - Courrier du Limbourg newspaper begins publication. ^[17]

20th century

• 1902 - MVV Maastricht football club formed.
• 1904 - Population: 36,146. ^[3]
• 1912 - Maastricht Natural History Museum founded.
• 1915 - Maastricht railway station opens (current station; it had several predecessors).
• 1916 - Saint Lambert Church built in Neo-Byzantine style.
• 1919 - Population: 41,305. ^[18]
• 1920 - Annexation of Sint Pieter and Oud-Vroenhoven, as well as parts of Borgharen, Meerssen, Amby, Heer and Gronsveld. The area of the municipality of Maastricht increases from 4.15 km² to 35 km². Its population increases to 54,268.
• 1926 - Eerste Nederlandse Cement Industrie factory begins operating; large section of Mount Saint Peter becomes limestone quarry.
• 1929 - Limburg Historical and Antiquarian Society  [ nl ] established.
• 1932 - Wilhelmina Bridge  [ nl ] built.
• 1935 - Juliana Canal opened.

Liberation of Maastricht on 14 September 1944

• 1940, 10 May - Battle of Maastricht; German occupation begins.
• 1942 - Most of Maastricht's more than 500 Jews deported and killed in German concentration and extermination camps.
• 1944, 13/14 September - Liberation of Maastricht  [ nl ]: US troops of 30th Infantry Division ("Old Hickory") liberate the city.
• 1944/45 - Maastricht serves as 'rest center' for allied forces. Maastricht Aachen Airport begins operating.
• 1944, 7 December - Maastricht Meeting. Allied commanders Omar Bradley, Arthur Tedder, Dwight Eisenhower, Bernard Montgomery and William Hood Simpson meet in Maastricht to discuss further strategy.
• 1948 - Jan Van Eyck Academie established.
• 1950 - Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts established.
• 1959 - Maastricht Institute of Arts active.
• 1960 - Population: 90,202.
• 1961 - De Geusselt stadium built.
• 1962 - Maastricht Academy of Music established.
• 1968 - John F. Kennedy Bridge, Maastricht  [ nl ] opens. ^[19]
• 1970 - Annexation of Borgharen, Itteren, Amby and Heer, as well as parts of Meerssen, Bemelen and Gronsveld. The area of the municipality of Maastricht increases from 35 km² to 59 km² and its population from 93,500 to 112,500.
• 1973 - Museum aan het Vrijthof established.
• 1975 - The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF) starts as Pictura Fine Art Fair in Eurohal Exhibition Centre.
• 1976 - Maastricht University opens. ^[20]
• 1981 - First European Council in Maastricht.
• 1987 - Maastricht Randwyck railway station and Lumiere Cinema ^[21] open.
• 1988 - TEFAF moves to MECC Maastricht; Museumkelder Derlon  [ nl ] (Roman excavation site) opens.
• 1990 - Population: 117,008.
• 1991 - Academic Hospital Maastricht opens. 9/10 December: Second European Council in Maastricht.
• 1992 - 7 February: Maastricht Treaty signed in city; ^[11] Theater aan het Vrijthof  [ nl ] opens.
• 1995 - Bonnefantenmuseum moves to new building by Aldo Rossi in Céramique  [ nl ] district.
• 1999 - Centre Céramique  [ nl ] (library and arts centre) opens.

21st century

• 2002 - Gerd Leers becomes mayor; Mestreechs Volksleed  [ nl ] officially adopted as the city's anthem.
• 2003 - Hoge Brug (pedestrian bridge) opens.
• 2005 - Limburg History Centre  [ nl ] (HCL) created through merger of national and city archives.
• 2006 - Entre Deux  [ nl ] shopping mall rebuilt; Bookshop in adjacent Dominican Church, Maastricht  [ nl ].
• 2010 - Onno Hoes becomes first openly gay mayor of Maastricht.
• 2013 - Maastricht Noord railway station opens.
• 2014 - Population: 121,906 municipality; 182,721 metro.
• 2015 - Annemarie Penn-te Strake becomes first female mayor of Maastricht.
• 2016 - Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel  [ nl ] officially opened.

See also

• Maastricht history
• History of Maastricht  [ nl ]
• List of mayors of Maastricht
• List of rijksmonuments in Maastricht  [ nl ]
• Other names of Maastricht
• Timelines of other municipalities in the Netherlands: Amsterdam, Breda, Delft, Eindhoven, Groningen, Haarlem, The Hague, 's-Hertogenbosch, Leiden, Nijmegen, Rotterdam, Utrecht

References

1. "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Netherlands". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
2. Adriaan Verhulst [in Dutch] (1999). The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-46909-8.
3. Britannica 1910.
4. P. J. H. Ubachs (2000). Handboek voor de geschiedenis van Limburg [Handbook of the history of Limburg] (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. ISBN   90-6550-097-9.
5. Haydn 1910.
6. Myron P. Gutmann (1980). "Chronology of Military and Political Events in the Basse-Meuse (1620- )". War and Rural Life in the Early Modern Low Countries. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-1-4008-5529-2.
7. Paul Schneiders (1998). "Libraries in the Netherlands" (PDF). IFLA Journal . 24. International Federation of Library Associations.
8. Flament 1888.
9. Heijde 2002.
10. Société des Amis des Sciences, Lettres et Arts. Annuaire de la province de Limbourg ... 1825 (in French). Maastricht: L. Th. Nypels.
11. Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0-8108-6444-3.
12. "Maastricht". Four Hundred Years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
13. J.W. Sluiter (1967). Beknopt overzicht van de nederlandse sppor en tramwegbedrijven [Brief overview of Dutch railway and tramway companies] (in Dutch). Brill.
14. Hunter, Brian; Paxton, John; Steinberg, S. H.; Epstein, Mortimer; Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson; Keltie, John Scott; Martin, Frederick (1869). "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
15. Verslag van den toestand van het hertogdom Limburg in het jaar 1877 [Report of the condition of the Duchy of Limburg in the year 1877] (in Dutch), Maastricht: Henri Bogaerts, 1878
16. "Historie Minderbroederskerk" (in Dutch). Regionaal Historisch Centrum Limburg. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
17. Jan van de Plasse (2005). Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers (in Dutch). Otto Cramwinckel. ISBN   978-90-75727-77-7. (timeline)
18. "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
19. "Bruggen database: Limburg: Maastricht" [Database of Bridges] (in Dutch). Rijswijk: Nederlandse Bruggenstichting. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
20. Walter Rüegg [in German], ed. (2011). "Universities founded in Europe between 1945 and 1995". Universities Since 1945. History of the University in Europe. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-49425-0.
21. "Movie Theaters in Maastricht, Netherlands". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

This article incorporates information from the Dutch Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

published in the 18th-19th century

• Thomas Nugent (1749), "Maestricht", The Grand Tour, vol. 1: Netherlands, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762598
• Abraham Rees (1819), "Maestricht, a town in France", The Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/mdp.39015057241120
• "Maestricht". Galignani's Traveller's Guide through Holland and Belgium (4th ed.). Paris: A. and W. Galignani. 1822. hdl:2027/njp.32101073846667.
• William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Maestricht". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
• "Maestricht", Handbook for Travellers in Holland and Belgium (20th ed.), London: John Murray, 1881, hdl:2027/hvd.hn2ha2

published in the 20th century

• "Maestricht". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t7zk5ms79.
• "Maastricht", Belgium and Holland (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, hdl:2027/uc1.b3129294
• "Maastricht"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 188.
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Maestricht", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776

published in the 21st century

• Colum Hourihane, ed. (2012). "Maastricht". Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-539536-5.

in other languages

• Philippe Vandermaelen (1835). "Maestricht". Dictionnaire géographique du Limbourg. Dictionnaires géographiques de la Belgique.4. Anvers (in French). Établissement géographique de Bruxelles. hdl:2027/mdp.39015049024923.
• Abraham Jacob van der Aa (1846). "Maastricht". Aardrijkskundig woordenboek der Nederlanden[Geographical dictionary of the Netherlands] (in Dutch). Vol. 7. Gorinchem: Jacobus Noorduyn. hdl:2027/mdp.39015039364008 – via HathiTrust.
• Auguste Jean Flament, ed. (1888). Catalogus der Stadsbibliotheek van Maastricht (in Dutch). Maastricht: J. Germain & cie.
• Henri Zondervan [in Dutch], ed. (1919), "Maastricht", Winkler Prins' Geillustreerde Encyclopaedie (in Dutch), vol. 11 (4th ed.), Amsterdam: Uitgevers-Maatschappy „Elsevier“, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068347957
• G. van Herwijnen, ed. (1978). "Limburg: Maastricht". Bibliografie van de stedengeschiedenis van Nederland[Bibliography of Urban History in the Netherlands] (in Dutch). Brill. ISBN   90-04-05700-5.
• Marina Kessels-van der Heijde (2002). Maastricht, Maestricht, Mestreech: de taalverhoudingen tussen Nederlands, Frans en Maastrichts in de negentiende eeuw (in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. ISBN   90-6550-713-2.
• P. Ubachs & I. Evers (2005). Historische encyclopedie Maastricht (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN   90-5730-399-X.
• Caspar Cillekens & Wim Dijkman (2006). 20 eeuwen Maastricht (in Dutch). Nijmegen: BnM.
• P. Ubachs & I. Evers (2006). Tweeduizend jaar Maastricht: een stadsgeschiedenis (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN   90-5730-441-4.

External links

• Europeana. Items related to Maastricht, various dates.
• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Maastricht, various dates