Tricarpelema

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Tricarpelema
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Commelinales
Family: Commelinaceae
Subfamily: Commelinoideae
Tribe: Commelineae
Genus: Tricarpelema
J.K.Morton
Type species
Tricarpelema giganteum
(Hassk.) H.Hara

Tricarpelema is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Commelinaceae consisting of 8 species. The genus is divided into two subgenera, subgenus Tricarpelema, which includes 7 known species found in tropical Asia, and subgenus Keatingia with one species in western Africa. The Asian species are typically found in the forest understory while the single African species has evolved to drier, sunnier conditions and is usually associated with inselbergs. [1] [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus Tricarpelema was created in 1966 by Kevin Cousins when he found that a Himalayan species then known as Aneilema thomsonii could not be satisfactorily classified within Aneilema nor the related genus Dictyospermum . He placed this species in the new genus as Tricarpelema giganteum . [1] [3] D.Y. Hong added two species to the new genus, namely T. chinense and T. xizangenese , in 1974 and 1981 respectively. [1] [4] [5] Meanwhile, in a 1975 Ph.D. thesis, Robert Faden treated Tricarpelema as a subgenus of the closely related genus Dictyospermum, while in 1980 R.S. Rao added another Indian species to the genus, namely T. glanduliferum . By 1991 Faden had recognised the genus as distinct and added yet another species to it, this time T. philippense . He and J. Cowley published a sixth species in 1996, T. pumilum , which is endemic to Borneo. Two years later Faden recognised a seventh undescribed species from Vietnam and also commented on an African plant that could be an eighth species. In 2007 both of these were described with the Vietnamese species being named T. brevipedicellatum and the African species T. africanum . As the African species differs from the Asian taxa in a number of important morphological features as well as in habitat, Faden assigned it to a new subgenus Keatingia. [1]

The taxonomic boundaries of some species are not completely understood, mainly due to a lack of herbarium specimens. For example, both T. brevipedicellatum and T. glanduliferum are each known from only two collections. A number of undescribed species are also likely to remain. For example, plants of T. philippense growing on Borneo are known to be larger than those in the Philippines, yet further differences have not been examined. Additionally, a single specimen collected from Burma shows characters that do not agree with any of the described species and likely represents a new species. Two more specimens, also from Burma, are distinct from the aforemetined specimen, but may represent a more southern distribution of the Chinese species. Robert Faden notes that further collections from Burma are necessary to better understand the genus in that country. [1]

Distribution and habitat

Tricarpelema has its centre of diversity in tropical Asia. The genus can be found there from Bhutan and eastern India, west to Vietnam, southern China, and the Philippines, and south to Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia. Many of the species from Asia have poorly understood distributions due to limited numbers of specimens. For example, three species in the genus are known from six collections or less. A single species occurs in western-central Africa in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. This disjunctive distribution is found in a number of other genera, such as Amischotolype and Calamus , each of which has a relatively low number of species in west-central Africa and many more in tropical Asia. [1]

Habitat information for most of the Asian species is poor, but most are known to be forest understory plants, often in moist situations. The African species, T. africanum, on the other hand, is found in relatively dry areas, often in full sun. It is also strongly associated with inselbergs. Robert Faden suggests that T. africanum may have adapted to drier conditions from members of the genus once found in African rainforests which later died out in response to prehistoric aridification of Africa. [1]

Species [2]

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Tricarpelema africanum is a monocotyledonous flowering plant in the family Commelinaceae. It is native to west-central Africa and is typically found growing in shallow soils on inselbergs. The species is the only member of its genus not found in the moist forests of tropical Asia and the only species of the subgenus Keatingia. Tricarpelema africanum's physical separation from its Asian relatives has led it to evolve a number of unique morphological features, most of which are vegetative adaptations to drier conditions.

Tricarpelema brevipedicellatum is a monocotyledonous herbaceous plant in the family Commelinaceae. The species is known from only two collections made in Vietnam and very little is known about it.

Tricarpelema giganteum is a monocotyledonous herbaceous plant in the family Commelinaceae. It is native to eastern India and Bhutan. Tricarpelema giganteum serves as the type species for the genus.

Tricarpelema glanduliferum is a monocotyledonous herbaceous plant in the family Commelinaceae. It is known from only two collections from India and Vietnam respectively. The species is distinctive within the genus due to its small leaves and the dense glandular hairs found on the inflorescences.

Tricarpelema philippense is a monocotyledonous herbaceous plant in the family Commelinaceae. It occurs in maritime Southeast Asia in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Tricarpelema pumilum is a monocotyledonous herbaceous plant in the family Commelinaceae. It is known from only six collections on the island of Borneo. The species looks like a smaller version of the closely related Tricarpelema philippense, but the two can be differentiated based on the size and shape of the capsule, as well as the number of seeds per locule.

<i>Streptolirion</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Murdannia</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Amischotolype</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Gomphostemma</i> Genus of flowering plants

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  1. Gomphostemma aborensisDunn - Arunachal Pradesh
  2. Gomphostemma arbusculumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  3. Gomphostemma callicarpoides(Yamam.) Masam. - Taiwan
  4. Gomphostemma chinenseOliv. - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Vietnam
  5. Gomphostemma crinitumWall. ex Benth. - Indochina, Yunnan, Assam, Bangladesh
  6. Gomphostemma curtisiiPrain - Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo
  7. Gomphostemma deltodonC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  8. Gomphostemma dolichobotrysMerr. - Sumatra
  9. Gomphostemma eriocarpumBenth. - southern India
  10. Gomphostemma grandiflorumDoan ex Suddee & A.J.Paton - Vietnam
  11. Gomphostemma hainanenseC.Y.Wu - Hainan
  12. Gomphostemma hemsleyanumPrain ex Collett & Hemsl. - Java, Myanmar
  13. Gomphostemma heyneanumWall. ex Benth. - southern India
  14. Gomphostemma hirsutumWalsingham - Sabah
  15. Gomphostemma inopinatumPrain - Myanmar
  16. Gomphostemma javanicum(Blume) Benth. - Indochina, Andaman Islands, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Philippines
  17. Gomphostemma keralensisVivek., Gopalan & R.Ansari. - Kerala
  18. Gomphostemma laceiMukerjee - Myanmar
  19. Gomphostemma latifoliumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan, Guangdong
  20. Gomphostemma leptodonDunn - Guangxi, Vietnam
  21. Gomphostemma lucidumWall. ex Benth. - Indochina, Assam, Bangladesh, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan
  22. Gomphostemma mastersiiBenth. ex Hook.f. - Assam, Bangladesh, Thailand
  23. Gomphostemma melissifoliumWall. ex Benth. - Assam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal
  24. Gomphostemma microcalyxPrain - Borneo, Malaya, Sumatra
  25. Gomphostemma microdonDunn - Yunnan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  26. Gomphostemma nayariiA.S.Chauhan - Assam
  27. Gomphostemma niveumHook.f. - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Vietnam
  28. Gomphostemma nutansHook.f. - Assam, Myanmar
  29. Gomphostemma ovatumWall. ex Benth. - Assam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal
  30. Gomphostemma parviflorumWall. ex Benth. - Assam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Yunnan, Indochina, Borneo, Java, Sumatra
  31. Gomphostemma pedunculatumBenth. ex Hook.f. - Assam, Yunnan, Vietnam
  32. Gomphostemma pseudocrinitumC.Y.Wu - Guangxi
  33. Gomphostemma salarkhanianumKhanam & M.A.Hassan - Sylhet District in Bangladesh
  34. Gomphostemma scortechiniiPrain - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya
  35. Gomphostemma stellatohirsutumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  36. Gomphostemma strobilinum Wall. ex Benth. - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
  37. Gomphostemma sulcatumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  38. Gomphostemma thomsoniiBenth. ex Hook.f. - Assam
  39. Gomphostemma velutinumBenth. - Assam, Bangladesh
  40. Gomphostemma wallichiiPrain - Assam, Myanmar, Thailand

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Faden, Robert B. (2007), "New Species of Tricarpelema (Commelinaceae) from Africa and Asia, Including the First Record of the Genus from Africa and a Synopsis of the Genus", Novon, 17 (2): 160–171, doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[160:NSOTCF]2.0.CO;2
  2. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Morton, John K. (July 1966), "A revision of the genus Aneilema R.Brown (Commelinaceae) with a cytotaxonomic account of the West African species", Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany , 59 (380): 431–478, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1966.tb00073.x
  4. ↑ Hong, Deyuan; DeFillipps, Robert A. (2000), "Tricarpelema chinense", in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (ed.), Flora of China, vol. 24, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 32{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Hong, Deyuan; DeFillipps, Robert A. (2000), "Tricarpelema xizangense", in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (ed.), Flora of China, vol. 24, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 32{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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