Trifolium parryi | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Trifolium parryi blooming near timberline in the Arapaho National Forest, Colorado | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Faboideae |
Genus: | Trifolium |
Species: | T. parryi |
Binomial name | |
Trifolium parryi | |
Subspecies and varieties [2] | |
|
Trifolium parryi, commonly known as Parry's clover or Parry clover, is a high altitude species of plant from the western United States. It grows in the Rocky Mountains from southern Montana to northern New Mexico. It is a short plant that is adapted to the harsh conditions and short growing season near and above timberline.
Trifolium parryi is a short species of herbaceous plant that has either very short stems or no stems at all and only grows to 4–25 centimeters in height. [3] Though short in stature it is the tallest of the clovers that grow in the alpine tundra with larger, showier flowers than the other alpine clovers. [4] Plants grow to form continuous mats, spreading by branching, slender rhizomes. [5] The leaves and stems grow from structure called a caudex. [3] Older plants develop a substantial taproot. [5]
The leaves are compound and have the classic three leaflets of the clover genus. [4] The leaves are attached directly to the base of the plant by small leaf stems called petioles. [6] The petioles range in length from just 8 millimeters to as much as 19 centimeters. Each of the three leaflets is 5–43 millimeters long, 1.5–16 mm wide, and hairless. Leaflets have toothed edges towards their base and may have their widest point toward the base, the midpoint, or toward the end. [3]
Flower heads extend above the leaf canopy on flower stems (peduncles) 1.8–22 centimeters long, that spring from the stems when present. Each flower head has five to thirty very small flowers forming the rounded head. [3] [6] The individual flowers are 12–22 millimeters long. [5] They are deep pink to a rose in color and noticeably fragrant. [6] Flowering may occur in the summer or early fall, June to September in its native habit. [7]
The fruit is a simple carpel, often called a pod, [7] each containing one to four seeds. [3] The flower petals wither and turn yellow-brown, but continue to enclose the pods as they develop and ripen. [7]
Trifolium parryi was scientifically described and named by Asa Gray in 1862. [2]
It has three subdivisions, two subspecies and one variety according to Plants of the World Online and World Flora Online. [2] [5] World Plants lists all three subdivisions as subspecies. [8]
The variety montanense was first described as a species by Per Axel Rydberg in 1900 using the name Trifolium montanense. It was described as a subspecies by John Montague Gillett (1918-2014) in 1965 and as a variety in 1978 by Stanley Larson Welsh (1928-). It is found in Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. [9]
The autonymic subspecies grows in New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. [10]
Subspecies salictorum was first described by Rydberg in 1906 using a partial description by Edward Lee Greene. It was initially described as the species Trifolium salictorum before being described as a subspecies by Gillett in 1965. It is endemic to Colorado. [11] According to the USDA it is found in ten mountain counties. [12] The subspecies has thicker leaves that are less sharply pointed. The flower heads are longer and are supported by thicker flower stems than subspecies parryi. [3]
The clover genus, Trifolium , is named in botanical Latin as three leaves. The species name was selected by Gray to honor the plant collector Charles Christopher Parry. It is one of at least seven species named by Gray for Parry that still bear his name such as Arnica parryi , Ericameria parryi , Helianthella parryi , Oreochrysum parryi , Campanula parryi and Pedicularis parryi . In English it is very often called Parry's clover. [3] A variant on this common name is Parry clover. [13] It is also sometimes known as rose clover or alpine clover, [4] [6] though the species Trifolium dasyphyllum is more often called alpine clover and Trifolium hirtum is more commonly called rose clover. [14] [15]
Trifolium parryi grows in the Rocky Mountains in the Western United States. In the Montana it is found in the counties around Yellowstone National Park, Madison, Gallatin, Park, and Carbon Counties. In Idaho it is only recorded in Fremont County, one bordering Gallatin County. In Wyoming it grows in two northern counties, Park and Hot Springs, and in two southern counties, Carbon and Albany counties. It is found in many of the eastern counties of Utah and in most of the mountain counties of Colorado. In New Mexico it only grows in Taos County. [16]
In the alpine tundra Trifolium parryi specializes in growing in areas covered in snowbanks despite this shortening the growing season to less than 80 days. [17] In the subalpine zone it grows in meadows and alongside streams and creeks. [7] In all its habitats it prefers rocky soils and will grow on the rocky scree slopes from landslides and at the bases of cliffs. [6] [3] It grows at elevations of 3350 to 4025 meters. [3]
It was evaluated by NatureServe as "globally secure" (G5) in 2001. It has been evaluated as "apparently secure" (S4) in Montana and "vulnerable" (S3) in Wyoming, but has not been evaluated in the rest of its range. [1]
Trifolium parryi depends on the golden-belted bumblebee for pollination. In areas where there are more individuals of this species of bumblebee the plants set more seed. [18]
Aquilegia coerulea, the Colorado columbine, Rocky Mountain columbine, or blue columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains and some of the surrounding states of the western United States. It is the state flower of Colorado. The Latin specific name coerulea means "sky blue".
Symphyotrichum campestre is a species of flowering plant of the family Asteraceae commonly known as western meadow aster. It is native to much of western North America where it grows in many habitats, generally at some elevation.
Penstemon eatonii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Penstemon, known by the common name firecracker penstemon. It is native to the Western United States from Southern California to the Rocky Mountains. It grows in many types of desert, woodland, forest, and open plateau habitat.
Sedum lanceolatum is a species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family known by the common names lanceleaf stonecrop and spearleaf stonecrop.
Frasera speciosa is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family (Gentianaceae) known by the common names elkweed, monument plant, and green gentian. When blooming it grows a tall stalk with numerous flowers that have purple dotted green petals. Each plant can flower just once before it dies.
Trifolium gymnocarpon is a species of clover known by the common name hollyleaf clover.
Artemisia norvegica is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names alpine sagewort, boreal sagewort, mountain sagewort, Norwegian mugwort, arctic wormwood, and spruce wormwood. It is found in cold locations in Eurasia and high altitudes and high latitudes in North America.
Astragalus leptaleus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name park milkvetch. It is native to the Rocky Mountains of the United States, where it occurs in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado.
Astragalus molybdenus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names Leadville milkvetch and molybdenum milkvetch. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States. If the separate species Astragalus shultziorum and Astragalus lackschewitzii are included in A. molybdenum the range expands into Wyoming and Montana.
Penstemon fruticosus, the bush penstemon or shrubby penstemon, is a species of penstemon native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Erigeron parryi is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Parry's fleabane. It is native to the Rocky Mountains of southern Montana and northern Wyoming.
Mertensia lanceolata, known as prairie bluebells, lance-leaved bluebells, lance-leaved lungwort, and narrow-leaved languid ladies is a species of flowering plant native to the Rocky Mountains and areas of the northern Great Plains in western North America. A herbaceous perennial it has blue-green leaves alternately arranged on its smooth flowering stalk. Its flower buds are pink-purple and become blue as they open.
Drymocallis fissa, the bigflower cinquefoil, also known as the leafy cinquefoil, leafy drymocallis, or wood beauty, is a small plant also sometimes classified as Potentilla fissa. It is a herbaceous plant with a thick taproot known for its moderately hairy leaves, redish leaf stems, and relatively large yellow flowers. It is native to foothills and lower mountains the Rocky Mountain region in the western United States.
Penstemon whippleanus, commonly known as dusky penstemon, dusky beardtongue, Whipple's penstemon, or Whipple's beardtongue, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant within the hemiboreal forests of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is noted for the large deep purple-red flowers and a preference for high mountain elevations.
Penstemon caespitosus, commonly known as mat penstemon, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant from near timberline to the foothills in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau in North America. It is noted for its ground hugging growth habit and as a plant used in xeriscape and rock gardening.
Lupinus caudatus is a widespread species of wildflower in genus Lupinus from western North America known by the common names tailcup lupin and spurred lupin. It is distinctive for the short spur on its purple-blue flowers, for which it is named. Because of its wide distribution and toxicity it commonly causes poisonings of susceptible livestock such as horses, cattle, and sheep, though it is eaten without harm by wild herbivores like deer and elk. It is generally found from the Coastal Ranges and Sierra Nevada Mountains in the west to the Rocky Mountains in the east.
Noccaea fendleri more commonly known as wild candytuft and alpine pennycress is a wildflower in the mustard family from western North America. It grows in mountains from northern Mexico to the northern United States. It blooms early in the spring and provides nectar to butterflies.
Castilleja haydenii, also known as Hayden's paintbrush, is a species of flower found in the mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, generally above timberline in the alpine tundra. Its purple flowers appear in the months of July through September. It was named after the geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.
Penstemon cyathophorus, commonly known as cupped penstemon or Middle Park penstemon, is a species of flowering plant that grows in a small area in the mountains of northern Colorado and a smaller area of southern Wyoming. As a rare species with a limited range it is vulnerable to human development. It is not a large plant and is often found growing amid sagebrush plants in mountain basins and valleys.