Tristerix

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Tristerix
Tristerix corymbosus 2.JPG
Tristerix corymbosus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Loranthaceae
Genus: Tristerix
Mart. [1]
Species

Tristerix is a genus of mistletoe in the family Loranthaceae, native to the Andes, ranging from Colombia and Ecuador to Chile and Argentina. [2] [3] They are woody perennials usually occurring as aerial parasites, are pollinated by hummingbirds and flowerpiercers, with seed-dispersal generally by birds but occasionally by mammals ( Dromiciops ). [3] The genus is distinguished from other New World Loranthaceae by its simple, terminal, racemose inflorescences, together with its of 4- or 5-merous flowers, versatile anthers, and the presence of endosperm. [2] Further differences include fused cotyledons and the absence of epicortical roots. [2]

Contents

Tristerix pubescens Tristerix pubescens (8662844717).jpg
Tristerix pubescens

Phylogeny

Tristerix was first described in 1830 by Martius, [1] who published three species: T. viridiflorus (now Macrosolen viridiflorus , T. tetrandus (now T. corymbosus ) and T. reinwardtianus (now Macrosolen avenis ). In 1868, Eichler placed Loranthus aphyllus and L. tetrandrus in the genus Phrygillanthus . [4] However, in 1973, Barlow & Wiens recognised these two Phrygilanthus species as Tristerix aphyllus and T. corymbosus , respectively, returning Tristerix to use. [5]

Martius described the genus as having three bracts. [1] However, this characteristic applies to only two species of the genus ( T. aphyllus and T. corymbosus ). In these, two bracteoles inside a primary bract lie below the ovary. [2] The other members of the genus have no bracteoles. [2] Van Tieghem (1895) divided the genus into two subgenera; those species without bracteoles - Metastachys (with 9 species), and those with bracteoles - Tristerix (with 2 species - T. aphyllus and T. corymbosus ). [6] This division is accepted by Kuijt. [2]

A phylogenetic study of 10 Tristerix species by Amico et al. (2007) found evidence for three groupings. [3] A simplified consensus cladogram of their conclusions, from analyses which used two different character sets and three methods (maximum likelihood, minimum parsimony, and Bayesian inference) for finding the tree, is given below. Note that the grouping of the Tristerix species with bracteoles remains.

See [2] [3] [7] [8]

Tristerix corymbosus Tristerix corymbosus (8663810692).jpg
Tristerix corymbosus

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loranthaceae</span> Family of mistletoes

Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are Nuytsia floribunda, Atkinsonia ligustrina, and Gaiadendron punctatum Loranthaceae are primarily xylem parasites, but their haustoria may sometimes tap the phloem, while Tristerix aphyllus is almost holoparasitic. For a more complete description of the Australian Loranthaceae, see Flora of Australia online., for the Malesian Loranthaceae see Flora of Malesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem</span> French botanist

Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem was a French botanist born in Baillleul in the département of Nord. He was one of the best known French botanists of the latter nineteenth century.

<i>Amyema miquelii</i> Species of plant

Amyema miquelii, also known as box mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae, found attached to several species of Australian eucalypt and occasionally on some species of Acacia. It is the most widespread of the Australian Mistletoes, occurring mainly to the west of the Great Dividing Range. It has shiny leaves and red flowers arranged in groups of 3. It is distinguished from the similar Amyema pendula through the individual stalks of the flowers.

<i>Amyema quandang</i> Species of plant

Amyema quandang is a species of hemi-parasitic shrub which is widespread throughout the mainland of Australia, especially arid inland regions, sometimes referred to as the grey mistletoe.

<i>Dendropemon</i> Genus of mistletoes

Dendropemon is a genus of mistletoes which is endemic to the Caribbean. Members of the genus are hemi-parasites which normally grow on trees and shrubs, although self-parasitism is known to occur. The approximately 31 species range from The Bahamas and Cuba in the north and west, to Barbados and St. Vincent in the southwest. Diversity and endemism is highest on the island of Hispaniola.

<i>Agelanthus</i> Genus of mistletoes

Agelanthus is a genus of Afrotropical plants in family Loranthaceae. They grow in trees, including Acacia and Combretum species, as hemiparasitic shrubs of varying sizes. The host plant is penetrated by a single haustorium, and the stems typically have swollen, flower-producing nodes. The flowers are often closely clustered (fascicled) with the five petals (pentamerous) fused into a tube (gamopetalous). The flower may have a swollen base and the tubes open along unilateral, V-shaped splits. The filaments remain spirally rolled inward when the flowers open, while the styles are inconspicuous, slender filaments that are somewhat thickened in the middle. Berries range from pink to orange and red in colour, and are around 1 cm in diameter.

<i>Amyema pendula</i> Species of plant

Amyema pendula, also known as drooping mistletoe or furry drooping mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae, found attached to several species of Australian eucalypt and occasionally on some species of Acacia. It is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is the most common mistletoe in Victoria, especially on the coastal side of the Great Dividing Range. It has shiny leaves and red flowers arranged in groups of 3 or 4. It is distinguished from the similar Amyema miquelii through the lack of individual stalks on the flowers.

<i>Decaisnina signata</i> Species of plant

Decaisnina signata is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia. It is found from Cape York to the Kimberleys.

<i>Muellerina</i> (plant) Genus of mistletoes

Muellerina is a genus of parasitic aerial shrubs in the family Loranthaceae.

<i>Macrosolen</i> Genus of mistletoes

Macrosolen is a genus of plants in the family Loranthaceae. It includes about 83 species all over the world with ca. 40 species widely distributed in tropical South and Southeast Asia. Some species were described by de Loureiro, Lecomte, Danser (1938) and Hô (2003).

<i>Muellerina eucalyptoides</i> Species of plant

Muellerina eucalyptoides, commonly known as creeping mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic aerial shrub in the family Loranthaceae. The species is endemic to Australia.

<i>Tristerix aphyllus</i> Species of mistletoe

Tristerix aphyllus is a holoparasitic plant species of the genus Tristerix in the family Loranthaceae. It is endemic to Chile. T. aphyllus is sometimes called the "cactus mistletoe." It should not be confused with the mistletoe cactus, which is an epiphytic cactus, and not a mistletoe.

<i>Amyema bifurcata</i> Species of epiphyte

Amyema bifurcata is an epiphytic, flowering, hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia and found in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales.

<i>Amyema melaleucae</i> Species of plant

Amyema melaleucae, also known as the tea-tree mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant within the genus Amyema, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia and found in Western Australia and South Australia on the coast, from north of Perth almost to the Victorian border.

<i>Muellerina celastroides</i> Species of mistletoe

Muellerina celastroides, common names Banksia mistletoe and coast mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic aerial shrub in the family Loranthaceae. The species is endemic to New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland.

<i>Amylotheca</i> Genus of mistletoes

Amylotheca is a genus of hemi-parasitic aerial shrubs in the family Loranthaceae, found in Borneo, Malaysia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Australia, Sumatra, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Philippines

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel Lee Nickrent</span> American botanist

Daniel Lee Nickrent is an American botanist, working in plant evolutionary biology, including the subdisciplines of genomics, phylogenetics, systematics, population genetics, and taxonomy. A major focus has been parasitic flowering plants, particularly of the sandalwood order (Santalales). His interest in photographic documentation and photographic databases has led to several photographic databases including Parasitic Plant Connection, Phytoimages, Plant Checklist for the Rocky Mountain National Park, and Plant Checklist for the Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge.

Romina Vidal-Russell is an Argentinean botanist who works in the areas of phytogeography, phylogeny, and parasitic plants, and on which she has written extensively. Her papers on the phylogeny of parasitic plants are cited on the APG website, and elsewhere and her collaborations are international. She currently works at the National University of Comahue in Argentina. She earned a Ph.D. at SIUC with Daniel L. Nickrent as supervisor.

<i>Actinanthella</i> Genus of mistletoes

Actinanthella is a small genus of hemiparasitic shrubs in the Loranthaceae family. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

<i>Trilepidea</i> Extinct genus of flowering plants

Trilepidea is an extinct monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Loranthaceae. Its native range was New Zealand. The only species was Trilepidea adamsii, or Adams mistletoe. It was first described in 1880 as Loranthus adamsii and has ever only been collected from a few locations in the North Island. It has been argued that the extinction of this species, vulnerable due to restricted distribution, was caused by interaction of a number of factors, including introduction of an exotic species, in this case the brushtail possum from Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 von Martius, C.F.P. 1830. Flora 13(1): 108. 1830. Regensburg.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kuijt J (1988) Revision of Tristerix (Loranthaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 19, 1-61.Kuijt, Job (1988). "Revision of Tristerix (Loranthaceae)". Systematic Botany Monographs. 19: 1–61. doi:10.2307/25027693. JSTOR   25027693.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Amico, GC, Vidal-Russell, R, Nickrent, DL (2007) Phylogenetic Relationships and Ecological Speciation in the Mistletoe Tristerix (Loranthaceae): The Influence of Pollinators, Dispersers, and Hosts. American Journal of Botany 94, 558-567. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.4.558
  4. ↑ Eichler, A.W. 1868. Flora Brasiliensis 5(2): 47. Vol. v.5, pt.2. 1866.
  5. ↑ Barlow, B.A. & Wiens, D. 1973. The classification of the generic segregates of Phrygilanthus (= Notanthera) of the Loranthaceae. Brittonia 25, 26. doi:10.2307/2805488 (p.39̟)
  6. ↑ van Tieghem, P. 1895. Sur Le Groupement Des Espèces En Genres Dans Les Loranthées A Calice Dialysépale Et Anthères Oscillantes Ou Struthanthées. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42(2): 161–180. doi:10.1080/00378941.1895.10830585 Van Tieghem, M. Ph. (1895). "PDF". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 42 (2): 161–180. doi: 10.1080/00378941.1895.10830585 .
  7. ↑ Romina Vidal-Russell and Daniel L. Nickrent (2007). "The biogeographic history of Loranthaceae" Archived 2012-09-23 at the Wayback Machine , DARWINIANA 45(suplemento) 34-54.
  8. ↑ Guillermo C Amico and Daniel L Nickrent (2009). "Population structure and phylogeography of the mistletoes Tristerix corymbosus and T. aphyllus (Loranthaceae) using chloroplast DNA sequence variation", American Journal of Botany 96:1571-1580. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800302
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