Uneven bars

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Berta Pujadas 2019-06-28 1st FIG Artistic Gymnastics JWCH Women's All-around competition Subdivision 2 Uneven bars (Martin Rulsch) 001.jpg
Berta Pujadas
Nastia Liukin Paksaltoliukin.jpg
Nastia Liukin
Lineup for practice Uneven bars lineup GMM.jpg
Lineup for practice

The uneven bars or asymmetric bars is an artistic gymnastics apparatus. It is made of a steel frame. The bars are made of fiberglass with wood coating, or less commonly wood. [1] The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is UB or AB, and the apparatus and event are often referred to simply as "bars". The bars are placed at different heights and widths, allowing the gymnast to transition from bar to bar. A gymnast usually adds white chalk to the hands so that they can grip the bar better.

Contents

The apparatus

Uneven bars used in international gymnastics competitions must conform to the guidelines and specifications set forth by the International Gymnastics Federation Apparatus Norms brochure. Several companies manufacture and sell bars, including AAI in the United States, Jannsen and Fritsen in Europe, and Acromat in Australia.

Many gyms also have a single bar or a set of uneven bars over a loose foam pit or soft mat to provide an additional level of safety when learning new skills.

Dimensions

Measurements depend on the setting of the bar. Measurements of the bars are provided by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) in the Apparatus Norms brochure.

Routines

Routines usually involve a lot of strength, jumping, and swings. They are generally composed of a set of skills, each worth a particular value.

Evolution

The uneven bars apparatus originally consisted of men's parallel bars set to different heights. Consequently, the bars were very close together, and gymnasts could transition from one to the other with little difficulty. Routines of the early 1950s chiefly consisted of simple circles, kips, and static balance elements and holds. In the late 1950s, the trend shifted toward fluid motion, and gymnasts began to perform routines composed of more difficult circles, kips, beats (bouncing the body off the low bar while hanging from the high bar), wraps (wrapping the body around the low bar while hanging from the high bar) and transitions. Release moves also began to come into play, although they were almost entirely limited to transitions between the low and high bars. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, companies began manufacturing uneven bars as a separate specific apparatus. The design was changed slightly to allow the bars to be adjustable, with tension cables that held the apparatus to the floor. As a result of this change, coaches could set the bars farther apart. Additionally, the bars' circumference decreased, allowing gymnasts to grasp and swing from them with greater ease.

As other events in gymnastics increased in difficulty, so did the uneven bars. Gymnasts and coaches began experimenting with elements, attempting more challenging dismounts, and adapting moves from men's horizontal bar. In 1972, Olga Korbut pioneered the Korbut Flip, the first high bar salto release move. Nadia Comăneci continued the trend with her original Comaneci salto at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal and advanced handstand elements four years later. The giant swing, the staple of high bar in men's artistic gymnastics (MAG), was also adopted into the women's Code of Points, and quickly became a basic uneven bars skill.

By the mid-1980s, routines had become so based on swing and release moves that the bars were moved even farther apart. The distance between bars increased even more as gymnasts developed complex transition elements that required space, such as the Pak salto.

For international elite-level gymnasts, there is a required distance between the low and high bar, called the FIG setting, where all elite-level gymnasts must compete.

Of all the apparatus in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG), uneven bars are probably the ones that have seen the most radical changes. Most elements from the 1950s and '60s bars routines, such as the Hecht dismount and the Radochla somersault, are now entirely obsolete and rarely used; others, such as the once-traditional beats and wraps, are impossible given the current diagonal separation between bars, and still others, such as static holds and the Korbut Flip, are not permitted under the current Code of Points. In USAG levels 1–5, everyone in the same level performs the same compulsory routine. In levels 1-3, the gymnasts stay only on the low bar. Once the gymnast reaches level 4, she uses both the low and high bars. In levels 6 through elite, gymnasts and coaches make up their own routines within specific requirements using both bars.

In Gymnastics Australia, gymnasts in levels 1-6 set routines that are scored out of 10. In levels 7-10 and elite, gymnasts perform optional routines that adhere to set guidelines and meet certain requirements.

International level routines

A routine on the uneven bars must consist of: [3]

Scoring and rules

Judges score routines based on difficulty, form, technique, and composition. Deductions are taken for execution errors, poor form, falls, pauses, "empty" swings (extra swings that do not lead into another skill), steps on the dismount, and other mistakes. Falls incur an automatic deduction of 1 full point in the 2009 FIG CoP. For levels 1-10, a fall is 0.5 points. Also, if the gymnast hits the low bar with her foot/feet (as Beth Tweddle did at the 2008 Olympics bars qualifications, and Viktoria Komova did at the 2012 Olympics bars apparatus finals), a deduction of 0.1 to 0.5 points will occur depending on the severity of the hit. The same deduction occurs when the gymnast hits one or both feet on the floor while performing a skill on the low bar. [4]

Apparatus specific rules

Youna Dufournet preparing the bars with chalk Dufournet preparing.JPG
Youna Dufournet preparing the bars with chalk

Gymnasts are permitted to tape their hands or use grips or hand guards on bars level 4 through elite. Their coaches are also permitted to apply chalk and/or water to the bars to ensure gymnasts don't slip off. [2]

Unlike high bar and rings in MAG, gymnasts may not be lifted to the uneven bars to begin their routines. They may mount the apparatus with either a simple or a difficult skill on either the high or low bar; running mounts and springboards are permitted. [3]

Once the routine has started, the coach may not physically interfere with the athlete. The coach can stand on the mat during release moves and dismounts. If the gymnast falls on one of these skills, her coach can catch her or break her fall; the coach can also lift her back to the high bar to continue her routine. If a springboard has been used for the mount, the coach is supposed to quickly step in and remove it so that it does not interfere with the routine. [5]

If a gymnast falls from the apparatus, she has 30 seconds to re-mount. Within this time limit, she can readjust her grips or chalk her hands again if necessary. However, her routine will be finished if she does not return to the bars within 30 seconds. Many judges are flexible with this rule, especially if the gymnast took a hard fall and needed a minute to shake it off and regain her focus. Often, the judge or judging assistant will give the gymnast a ten-second warning. [3]

Olympic champions at the uneven bars

Shaden Wohdan, Qatar Shaden Wahdan.jpg
Shaden Wohdan, Qatar
Asal Saparbaeva, Uzbekistan Asal Saparbaeva-2.JPG
Asal Saparbaeva, Uzbekistan
GamesGoldSilverBronze
1952 Helsinki
details
Margit Korondi
Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary
Maria Gorokhovskaya
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Ágnes Keleti
Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary
1956 Melbourne
details
Ágnes Keleti
Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957).svg  Hungary
Larisa Latynina
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Sofia Muratova
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
1960 Rome
details
Polina Astakhova
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Larisa Latynina
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Tamara Lyukhina
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
1964 Tokyo
details
Polina Astakhova
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Katalin Makray
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
Larisa Latynina
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
1968 Mexico City
details
Věra Čáslavská
Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia
Karin Janz
Flag of the German Olympic Team (1960-1968).svg  East Germany
Zinaida Voronina
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
1972 Munich
details
Karin Janz
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
Olga Korbut
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Erika Zuchold
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
none awarded
1976 Montreal
details
Nadia Comăneci
Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg  Romania
Teodora Ungureanu
Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg  Romania
Marta Egervari
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
1980 Moscow
details
Maxi Gnauck
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
Emilia Eberle
Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg  Romania
Maria Filatova
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Steffi Kräker
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
Melita Ruhn
Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg  Romania
1984 Los Angeles
details
Ma Yanhong
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Julianne McNamara
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
none awarded Mary Lou Retton
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1988 Seoul
details
Daniela Silivaș
Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg  Romania
Dagmar Kersten
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
Yelena Shushunova
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
1992 Barcelona
details
Lu Li
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Tatiana Gutsu
Olympic flag.svg  Unified Team
Shannon Miller
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1996 Atlanta
details
Svetlana Khorkina
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Amy Chow
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Bi Wenjing
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
none awarded
2000 Sydney
details
Svetlana Khorkina
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Ling Jie
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Yang Yun
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
2004 Athens
details
Émilie Le Pennec
Flag of France.svg  France
Terin Humphrey
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Courtney Kupets
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2008 Beijing
details
He Kexin
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Nastia Liukin
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Yang Yilin
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
2012 London
details
Aliya Mustafina
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
He Kexin
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Beth Tweddle
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain
2016 Rio
details
Aliya Mustafina
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Madison Kocian
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Sophie Scheder
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
2020 Tokyo
details
Nina Derwael
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Anastasia Ilyankova
Russian Olympic Committee flag.png  ROC
Sunisa Lee
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2024 Paris
details
Kaylia Nemour
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria
Qiu Qiyuan
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Sunisa Lee
Flag of the United States.svg  United States

Injuries

A study of competitive collegiate gymnastics injuries found that almost as many injuries occurred on uneven bars as on the floor. [6] Falls from the bars can lead to serious injuries or paralysis; Taylor Lindsay-Noel was paralyzed during an attempted dismount from the apparatus in 2008. [7] On rare occasions, accidents have been fatal. [8] In 2021, Séverine Emeraude Djala Abaka, a Cameroonian gymnast, died shortly before the African Championships, where she had intended to compete, after falling on her neck. [9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Gymnastics Internationals Federation: About WAG". FIG. Archived from the original on 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Apparatus Norms". FIG. p. II/47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  3. 1 2 3 "WAG Code of Points 2009-2012". FIG. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  4. "WAG Code of Points 2009-2012". FIG. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  5. "WAG Code of Points 2009-2012". FIG. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  6. Chandran, Avinash; Roby, Patricia R.; Boltz, Adrian J; Robison, Hannah J.; Morris, Sarah N.; Collins, Christy L. (2021-07-01). "Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Gymnastics: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019". Journal of Athletic Training. 56 (7): 688–694. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-635-20. ISSN   1062-6050. PMC   8293879 . PMID   34280287.
  7. James, Royson (2008-08-28). "Paralyzed gymnast waits for miracle". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
  8. Yan, Evan Simko-Bednarski,Holly (2019-11-12). "College gymnast Melanie Coleman dies after a fall on the uneven bars". CNN. Retrieved 2024-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. "Drame: les dessous de la mort tragique de Séverine Emeraude Djala Abaka" [Drama: the behind the scenes of the tragic death of Séverine Emeraude Djala Abaka]. CamerounWeb (in French). 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021.