Urnula

Last updated

Urnula
Urnula craterium closeup.jpg
The devil's urn, Urnula craterium
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Sarcosomataceae
Genus: Urnula
Fr. (1849)
Type species
Urnula craterium
(Schwein.) Fr. (1851)
Species

10 species

Urnula is a genus of cup fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae, circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1849. The genus contains several species found in Asia, Europe, Greenland, and North America. [1] Sarcosomataceae fungi produce dark-colored (brown to black), shallow to deep funnel-shaped fruitbodies with or without a stipe, growing in spring. The type species of the genus is Urnula craterium , commonly known as the devil's urn or the gray urn. Urnula species can grow as saprobes or parasites having an anamorphic state. The anamorphic form of U. craterium causes Strumella canker, on oak trees.

Contents

Taxonomy

Elias Magnus Fries circumscribed the new genus Urnula in 1849, and set what was then known as Peziza craterium as the type species. [2] The genus name means "little urn"; the specific epithet is derived from the Latin cratera , referring to a type of bowl used in antiquity. [3]

Description

Imperfect states

The life cycle of Urnula craterium allows for both an imperfect (making asexual spores, or conidia) or perfect (making sexual spores) form; as has often happened in fungal taxonomy, the imperfect form was given a different name, because the relationship between the perfect and imperfect forms of the same species was not then known. The imperfect stage of Urnula craterium is the plant pathogenic species Conoplea globosa, known to cause a canker disease (Strumella canker) of oak and several other hardwoods. [4] [5]

Species

The European species provisionally named Urnula brachysperma by François Brunelli [13] in 1997 is not yet validly published.

Several species once classified in Urnula have since been transferred to other genera in the Sarcosomataceae or the Chorioactidaceae. Peck's 1894 Urnula geaster is now type species of the genus Chorioactis , while Urnula pouchetii Berthet & Riousset 1965 in now in Neournula (Chorioactidaceae). Urnula lusitanica, published in 1911 by Torrend and Boudier, is now Donadinia lusitanica . Urnula megalocrater Malençon & Le Gal 1958, Urnula platensis Speg. 1898, and Urnula rugosa Le Gal 1958 are now all classified in the genus Plectania .

Habitat and distribution

Urnula species can grow as saprobes or parasites having an anamorphic state. Fruitbodies of U. craterium and U. hiemalis tend to persist in one location for many growing seasons, sometimes even for several decades. [8]

Related Research Articles

<i>Morchella</i> Genus of fungi

Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales. These distinctive fungi have a honeycomb appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their caps. Morels are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly in Catalan and French cuisine, but can be toxic if consumed raw or undercooked. Due to difficulties in cultivation, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, India, and Pakistan where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.

This is a glossary of some of the terms used in phytopathology.

<i>Sarcoscypha coccinea</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus Sarcoscypha, S. coccinea has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores, such as the North Atlantic island species S. macaronesica. Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, S. coccinea has often been confused with S. occidentalis, S. austriaca, and S. dudleyi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyronemataceae</span> Family of fungi

The Pyronemataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pezizales. It is the largest family of the Pezizales, encompassing 75 genera and approximately 500 species. Phylogenetic analyses does not support the prior classifications of this family, and suggest that the family is not monophyletic as it is currently circumscribed.

<i>Verpa bohemica</i> Species of fungus

Verpa bohemica is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. The synonym Ptychoverpa bohemica is often used by European mycologists and it is commonly known as the early morel or the wrinkled thimble-cap. The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble-shaped cap—2 to 4 cm in diameter by 2 to 5 cm long—that has a surface wrinkled and ribbed with brain-like convolutions. A feature distinguishing the species from true morels, the cap hangs free from the top of the stem, which is lighter in color, brittle, and up to 12 cm long by 1 to 2.5 cm thick. Microscopically, the mushroom is distinguished by its large spores, typically 60–80 by 15–18 µm, and the presence of only two spores per ascus.

<i>Urnula craterium</i> Species of fungus

Urnula craterium is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. Appearing in early spring, its distinctive goblet-shaped and dark-colored fruit bodies have earned it the common names crater cup, devil's urn and the gray urn. The asexual (imperfect), or conidial stage of U. craterium is a plant pathogen known as Conoplea globosa, which causes a canker disease of oak and several other hardwood tree species.

<i>Torrendiella</i> Genus of fungi

Torrendiella is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae. It was circumscribed by Jean Louis Émile Boudier and John Torrey in Bull. Soc. Mycol. France vol.27 on page 133 in 1911, with Torrendiella ciliata as the type species. Several species once placed in this genus were transferred to Hymenotorrendiella in 2014.

Korfiella is a fungal genus in the family Sarcosomataceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Korfiella karnika, found in India and described as new to science in 1970.

<i>Plectania</i> Genus of fungi

Plectania is a genus of fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae. It was circumscribed by German botanist Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel in 1870.

<i>Pseudoplectania</i> Genus of fungi

Pseudoplectania is a genus of fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae. The genus contains 12 species. Pseudoplectania ryvardenii was described in 2012, while Pseudoplectania carranzae was transferred to the genus in 2013.

<i>Sarcosoma</i> Genus of fungi

Sarcosoma is a genus of fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae. The name Sarcosoma is derived from ancient Greek and means “Fleshy body” σάρξ σῶμα. The genus is widespread in north temperate areas.

<i>Otidea</i> Genus of fungi

Otidea is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae. The genus is widely distributed in northern temperate regions.

<i>Urnula padeniana</i> Species of fungus

Urnula padeniana is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It was described as new to science in 2013. It has a rubbery, black fruitbody up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and 7 cm (2.8 in) high, with gelatinous flesh. It spores typically measure 25–30 by 11–13 μm. The fungus is found in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of mycology</span>

This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found in glossary of biology and glossary of botany, among others. List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names and Botanical Latin may also be relevant, although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity.

Frederick Adolph Wolf was an American plant pathologist and mycologist. F.A. Wolf was known for his contributions to the understanding of fungal and bacterial diseases of tobacco, which he explored both domestically and globally. His most renowned contributions were his two-volume work "The Fungi" which served as a reference and textbook for fungal morphological and evolutionary studies for several years and his "Tobacco Disease and Decays" book.

References

  1. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 714. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ↑ Fries EM (1849). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm & Leipzig: A. Bonnier. p. 364.
  3. ↑ "Latin Word Lookup". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  4. ↑ Hughes SJ (1951). "Microfungi V. Conoplea Pers. and Exosporium Link". Canadian Journal of Botany. 38 (4): 659–96. doi:10.1139/b60-059.
  5. ↑ Pirone PP, Hartman JR, Pirone TP, Pirone TP, Sall MA (2000). Pirone's Tree Maintenance. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 435. ISBN   0-19-511991-6.
  6. ↑ Dissing H. (1981). "Four new species of discomycetes (Pezizales) from West Greenland". Mycologia. 73 (2): 263–73. doi:10.2307/3759647. JSTOR   3759647.
  7. ↑ Nannfeldt JA (1949). "Contributions to the mycoflora of Sweden. 7. A new winter discomycete, Urnula hiemalis Nannf. n. sp., and a short account of the Swedish species of Sarcoscyphaceae". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 43: 468–484.
  8. 1 2 Zetter I, Kullman B (2011). "Urnula hiemalis – a rare and interesting species of the Pezizales from Estonia". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 48: 149–152.
  9. ↑ Carbone M, Agnello C, Parker A. "Urnula padeniana (Pezizales) sp. nov. and the type study of Bulgaria mexicana" (PDF). Ascomycete.org. 5 (1): 13–24.
  10. ↑ Rehm H. (1914). "Ascomycetes philippinenses - VI". Leaflets of Philippine Botany. 6: 2257–81.
  11. ↑ Boudier JLÉ, Torrend C (1911). "Discomycètes nouveaux de Portugal". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 27 (2): 127–136.
  12. ↑ Wang Y-Z, Huang C-L (December 11, 2014). "A new species of Urnula (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan". Nova Hedwigia. 101: 49–55. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2014/0233.
  13. ↑ Brunelli F. (1997). "Urnula brachysperma ad int". Bollettino del Gruppo Micologico "G. Bresadola" (in Italian). 40 (2–3): 119–122.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.