Urnula craterium

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Urnula craterium
Urnula craterium mature.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Sarcosomataceae
Genus: Urnula
Species:
U. craterium
Binomial name
Urnula craterium
(Schwein.) Fr. (1851)
Synonyms [1]
  • Peziza crateriumSchwein. (1822)
  • Cenangium craterium(Schwein.) Fr. 1828
  • Geopyxis craterium(Schwein.) Rehm (1894)
  • Sarcoscypha craterium(Schwein.) Bánhegyi (1938)
Urnula craterium
Information icon.svg
Smooth icon.pngSmooth hymenium
No cap icon.svgNo distinct cap
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Parasitic fungus.svgSaprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is parasitic or saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Urnula craterium is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It is parasitic on oak and various other hardwood species; it is also saprobic, as the fruit bodies develop on dead wood after it has fallen to the ground. Appearing in early spring, its distinctive goblet-shaped and dark-colored fruit bodies have earned it the common names devil's urn and the gray urn. The distribution of U. craterium includes eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. It produces bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of other fungi. The asexual (imperfect), or conidial stage of U. craterium is a plant pathogen known as Conoplea globosa, which causes a canker disease of oak and several other hardwood tree species.

Contents

History and taxonomy

Urnula craterium was first described in 1822 by American botanist Lewis David de Schweinitz as Peziza craterium, based on a specimen found in North Carolina. [2] The species first appeared in the scientific literature under its current name when Elias Magnus Fries described the new genus Urnula in 1849, and set Peziza craterium as the type species. [3] In 1896, German mycologist Heinrich Rehm removed the species from Urnula – transferring it to the genus Geopyxis – and replaced the type species with Urnula terrestris, a peripherally related species. This restructuring resulted in a taxomically untenable situation in which the genus Urnula consisted of a single species with ambiguous resemblance to the original species (described by Fries) upon which the genus was based. According to Elsie Kupfer, who had written Rehm to clarify the rationale for his decision:

Urnula craterium was placed with its related species under Geopyxis, because Geopyxis was established by Persoon before Urnula by Fries; and that in order to retain the genus Urnula, under which Saccardo had placed Podophacidium terrestre of Niessl, he (Rehm) restricted the genus to this latter fungus. [4]

As Kupfer explains, Rehm did not justify why he believed Urnula craterium should be allied to Geopyxis, or why Podophacidium terrestre should be considered an Urnula. Kupfer's macro- and microscopic analysis of tissues from these and related genera clearly showed the inconsistency in Rehm's taxonomical choices, and that Urnula craterium represented an entirely different genus not related to Geopyxis; Fries's naming was restored. [4]

The genus name means "little urn"; the specific epithet is derived from the Latin cratera , referring to a type of bowl used in antiquity to mix wine with water. [5] It is commonly known as the devil's urn [6] and the gray urn. [7]

Description

The fruit bodies begin from dense, black mycelium on the surface of oak branches in contact with the ground. Starting out as rolls of cylindrical tissue 1 or more centimeters long and 3–4 mm wide, they expand slowly over the winter, and grow rapidly in the spring when the weather becomes warmer. [8]

A bisected immature specimen with cup not yet opened Urnula craterium xsection.jpg
A bisected immature specimen with cup not yet opened

The goblet-shaped fruit body (technically an ascocarp) is 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in diameter and 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) deep; initially it is closed, but opens as it matures, leaving a ragged or smooth inrolled margin around a round opening. [9] The flesh of the ascocarp walls is tough and initially gelatinous, later becoming leathery. [10] The exterior of the ascocarp is brownish black to black, with a velvety surface, while the interior spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is brownish black in color, usually somewhat paler than the outside. The outer surface may be partially covered with small flakelike patches of tissue. [11] When viewed with a magnifying glass, the "hairs" (fungal hyphae) making up the outer velvety surface are variable in length, and are thick-walled, blunt, and appear to wind from side to side (flexuous). [9] The ascocarp is connected to a stalk that is typically 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) long by 0.4–0.8 cm (0.2–0.3 in) thick, [8] with black mycelia at its base.

Found in Jackson Co., Alabama, US Urnula craterium closeup.jpg
Found in Jackson Co., Alabama, US

Microscopic features

The spores are ellipsoid or sausage-shaped (allantoid), smooth, and thin-walled. They are non-amyloid (not taking up iodine stain), and hyaline (translucent), with dimensions of 22–37 by 10–15  μm. [11] The spore-bearing cells, the asci are eight-spored, cylindrical, and measure 600 by 15–17 μm. [9] They are operculate, analogous to having a flip-top lid mechanism to release the spores. Interspersed among the asci are thin, filamentous, branched paraphyses that extend beyond the tops of the asci. [8]

Viewed with a microscope, the wall of the apothecium is made of three tissue layers of roughly equal thickness. The first layer of tissue is black, leathery and compact, and covered with a fine layer of brownish-black hairs (a tomentum); the second layer consists of loosely interlaced brown hyphae suspended in a gelatinous matrix. The third layer is the fertile, spore-bearing surface, the brownish-black hymenium. [8]

Imperfect state

The life cycle of Urnula craterium allows for both an imperfect (making asexual spores, or conidia) or perfect (making sexual spores) form; as has often happened in fungal taxonomy, the imperfect form was given a different name, because the relationship between the perfect and imperfect forms of the same species was not then known. The imperfect stage of Urnula craterium is the plant pathogenic species Conoplea globosa, known to cause a canker disease (Strumella canker) of oak and several other hardwoods. [12] [13]

Edibility

This species is often listed in field guides as inedible, [14] [15] or not recommended for consumption due to its tough texture. [11] Michael Kuo, in his 2007 book on edible mushrooms, lists the taste as "mediocre", and comments "the devil's urn is not as bad as I thought it was going to be. It's not good, mind you, but it would be possible to eat it with a forced smile if your Aunt Wanda served it to you." [16]

Similar species

Plectania melastoma is a lookalike species. Ascomycota 62452.jpg
Plectania melastoma is a lookalike species.

The cup fungus Plectania melastoma is also black, but it is smaller and the cup not as deep. [17]

Spore development

The spores of U. craterium have a rapid and high percentage of germination. Germination requires only 1.5 hours, a relatively short time compared to another inoperculate species in the same family, Sarcoscypha coccinea , which requires 48 hours. [18] Furthermore, germination is possible under a wide temperature range, from 5 °C (41 °F) to 35 °C (95 °F), and wide soil pH range; the quality and quantity of light does not affect germination, although prolonged exposure to light does reduce germination efficiency. [18]

Ecology, habitat and distribution

Urnula craterium grows singly or clustered together, usually attached to sticks and branches (especially oak) that are partially buried in the ground. [8] The teleomorph state is saprobic, and decomposes hardwood; [16] the anamorph state is parasitic, and causes a canker of various hardwoods, including oaks, hickories, basswood and beech. [7] It is often found in deciduous forests, although it is sometimes inconspicuous due to its dark color, and because it may be partially covered with leaf litter. One of the first fleshy fungi to appear from March to May, U. craterium has been dubbed a "harbinger of spring", [15] [19] and is sometimes encountered under melting snow. [15]

The distribution of U. craterium includes eastern North America, [7] Europe (including the Czech Republic, [20] Finland, [21] Spain, [22] ) Japan, [23] and China. [24] It is red-listed as critically endangered in the Czech Republic. [20]

Bioactive compounds

Urnula craterium, when grown in liquid culture, produces bioactive chemicals that inhibit the growth of other fungi that are pathogenic to aspen; specifically, these chemical are antagonistic to aspen blue-stain fungi Ophiostoma crassivaginatum and O. piliferum, as well as the wood-decay fungus Phellinus tremulae . [25] Chemicals produced by U. craterium include pestalotin, 5,6-dehydropestalotin, 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-pyran-2-one, and (4S)-3,4-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-napthalenone. However, none of these isolated compounds inhibits the aspen pathogens in vitro , suggesting the true nature of the antifungal mechanism in the devil's urn has not yet been resolved. [26]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Morchella esculenta</i> Species of fungus

Morchella esculenta is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae of the Ascomycota. It is one of the most readily recognized of all the edible mushrooms and highly sought after. Each fruit body begins as a tightly compressed, grayish sponge with lighter ridges, and expands to form a large yellowish sponge with large pits and ridges raised on a large white stem. The pitted yellow-brown caps measure 2–7 centimetres broad by 2–10 cm (1–4 in) tall, and are fused to the stem at its lower margin, forming a continuous hollow. The pits are rounded and irregularly arranged. The hollow stem is typically 2–9 cm long by 2–5 cm (1–2 in) thick, and white to yellow. The fungus fruits under hardwoods and conifers during a short period in the spring, depending on the weather, and is also associated with old orchards, woods and disturbed grounds.

<i>Sarcoscypha coccinea</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus Sarcoscypha, S. coccinea has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores, such as the North Atlantic island species S. macaronesica. Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, S. coccinea has often been confused with S. occidentalis, S. austriaca, and S. dudleyi.

<i>Gyromitra caroliniana</i> Species of fungus

Gyromitra caroliniana, known commonly as the Carolina false morel or big red, is an ascomycete fungus of the genus Gyromitra, within the Pezizales group of fungi. It is found in hardwood forests of the southeastern United States, where it fruits in early spring soon after snowmelt.

<i>Xylaria hypoxylon</i> Species of fungus

Xylaria hypoxylon is a species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the candlestick fungus, the candlesnuff fungus, carbon antlers, or the stag's horn fungus. The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants.

<i>Geopyxis carbonaria</i> Species of fungus

Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis, family Pyronemataceae. First described to science in 1805, and given its current name in 1889, the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf-cup, dwarf acorn cup, stalked bonfire cup, or pixie cup. The small, goblet-shaped fruitbodies of the fungus are reddish-brown with a whitish fringe and measure up to 2 cm across. They have a short, tapered stalk. Fruitbodies are commonly found on soil where brush has recently been burned, sometimes in great numbers. The fungus is distributed throughout many temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is found in Europe, Turkey, and North America. Although it is primarily a saprotrophic species, feeding on the decomposing organic matter remaining after a fire, it also forms biotrophic associations with the roots of Norway spruce.

<i>Rhizina undulata</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Chorioactis</i> Genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster

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<i>Urnula</i> Genus of fungi

Urnula is a genus of cup fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae, circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1849. The genus contains several species found in Asia, Europe, Greenland, and North America. Sarcosomataceae fungi produce dark-colored, shallow to deep funnel-shaped fruitbodies with or without a stipe, growing in spring. The type species of the genus is Urnula craterium, commonly known as the devil's urn or the gray urn. Urnula species can grow as saprobes or parasites having an anamorphic state. The anamorphic form of U. craterium causes Strumella canker, on oak trees.

<i>Exidia glandulosa</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Wynnea americana</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Plectania nannfeldtii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Sarcoscypha occidentalis</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Lactarius argillaceifolius</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Galiella rufa</i> Species of fungus

Galiella rufa, commonly known as the rubber cup, the rufous rubber cup, or the hairy rubber cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fungus produces cup-shaped fruit bodies that typically grow in clusters on branches and exposed portions of buried wood throughout eastern and Midwest North America and in Malaysia. The fruit bodies have the texture of tough, gelatinous rubber, and have a rough, blackish-brown, felt-like outer surface and a smooth reddish-brown inner surface. Although generally considered inedible by North American mushroom field guides, it is commonly consumed in Malaysia. The fungus produces several interesting natural products.

<i>Coccomyces dentatus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Trichoglossum hirsutum</i> Species of fungus

Trichoglossum hirsutum is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of hairy earthtongue. In North America it is known variously as velvety earth tongue, shaggy earth tongue, or black earth tongue. DNA evidence suggests the hairy earthtongue may be a species complex.

<i>Glutinoglossum glutinosum</i> Species of fungus

Glutinoglossum glutinosum, commonly known as the viscid black earth tongue or the glutinous earthtongue, is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it has been found in northern Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Although previously thought to exist in Australasia, collections made from these locations have since been referred to new species. G. glutinosum is a saprophytic species that grows on soil in moss or in grassy areas. The smooth, nearly black, club-shaped fruitbodies grow to heights ranging from 1.5 to 5 cm. The head is up to 0.7 cm (0.3 in) long, and the stipes are sticky. Several other black earth tongue species are quite similar in external appearance, and many can be reliably distinguished only by examining differences in microscopic characteristics, such as spores, asci, and paraphyses. First described in 1796 as a species of Geoglossum, the fungus has gone through several changes of genera in its taxonomic history. It was placed in its current genus, Glutinoglossum, in 2013.

<i>Glutinoglossum</i> Genus of fungi

Glutinoglossum is a genus of six species of earth-tongue fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. The widespread type species, G. glutinosum, is commonly known as the "glutinous earth tongue". G. heptaseptatum is known only from the Czech Republic. Four additional species were described in 2015.

<i>Onygena equina</i> Species of fungus

Onygena equina, commonly known as the horn stalkball, is a species of fungus in the family Onygenaceae. The fungus grows on putrefying hooves and horns, and can digest the keratin in those substrates. Fruit bodies are small and white, with thick stipes supporting a "head" shaped like a flattened sphere. The skin, or peridium, of the head appears powdery or like a white crust, and breaks open in maturity, falling off in irregular pieces to expose the pale reddish-brown powdery spores within. The fungus is known from Europe and North America.

References

  1. ↑ "Urnula craterium (Schwein.) Fr. 1851". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  2. ↑ von Schweinitz LD. (1822). "Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Leipzig (in Latin). 1: 117.
  3. ↑ Fries EM. (1849). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm & Leipzig: A. Bonnier. p. 364.
  4. 1 2 Kupfer EM. (1902). "Studies on Urnula and Geopyxis". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 29 (3): 137–144. doi:10.2307/2478861. JSTOR   2478861.(subscription required)
  5. ↑ "Latin Word Lookup". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  6. ↑ Kuo M. (March 2004). "Urnula craterium: The Devil's Urn". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  7. 1 2 3 Hodgson M. (1996). No Shit! There I Was...Gone Wild (No Shit! There I Was . . . Gone Wild). Merrillville, Indiana: ICS Books. p. 539. ISBN   978-1-57034-041-3.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Wolf FA. (1958). "Mechanism of apothecial opening and ascospore expulsion by the cup-fungus Urnula craterium". Mycologia . 50 (6): 837–843. doi:10.2307/3755908. JSTOR   3755908.
  9. 1 2 3 Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide). Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 295. ISBN   978-1-58729-627-7.
  10. ↑ Metzler V, Metzler S (1992). Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 330. ISBN   978-0-292-75125-5.
  11. 1 2 3 Weber NS, Smith AH (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 32. ISBN   978-0-472-85610-7.
  12. ↑ Hughes SJ. (1951). "Microfungi V. Conoplea Pers. and Exosporium Link". Canadian Journal of Botany. 38 (4): 659–696. doi:10.1139/b60-059.
  13. ↑ Pirone PP, Hartman JR, Pirone TP, Pirone TP, Sall MA (2000). Pirone's Tree Maintenance. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 435. ISBN   978-0-19-511991-6.
  14. ↑ Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 539. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  15. 1 2 3 McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-395-91090-0.
  16. 1 2 Kuo M. (2007). 100 Edible Mushrooms . Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.  94–96. ISBN   978-0-472-03126-9.
  17. ↑ Arora D. (1991). All that the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 830. ISBN   978-0-89815-388-0.
  18. 1 2 Fergus CL, Schein RD (1960). "Effect of environment on germination of ascospores of Urnula craterium". Mycologia. 52 (5): 719–725. doi:10.2307/3755871. JSTOR   3755871.
  19. ↑ Volk T. (May 2005). "Urnula craterium, the black tulip fungus". Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  20. 1 2 Marounek D. (2007). "Nalez urnicky poharove – Urnula craterium (Schwein.) Fr. na Roudnicku" [Find of Urnula craterium (Schwein.) Fr. near Roudnicku]. Mykologicky Sbornik (in Czech). 84 (1): 11–12. ISSN   0374-9436.
  21. ↑ Lindholm T. "Finds of vernal mushrooms in Tenala Tenhola Finland". Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Finnish). 59 (4): 153–154. ISSN   0373-6873.
  22. ↑ Calonge FD, Garcia A, Sanz M, Bastardo J. "Some interesting fungi found in Spain, with special reference to the province of Valladolid". Micologia Italiana. 32 (2): 42–52. ISSN   0390-0460.
  23. ↑ Otani Y. (1980). "Sarcoscyphineae of Japan". Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho (in Japanese). 21 (2): 149–179. ISSN   0029-0289.
  24. ↑ Zhuang WY, Wang Z (1998). "Sarcosomataceous discomycetes in China". Mycotaxon. 67: 355–364.
  25. ↑ Ayer WA. (1995). "Application of natural products chemistry to a biological problem". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 73 (4): 465–470. doi: 10.1139/v95-061 .
  26. ↑ Ayer WA, Trifonov LS, Hutchison LJ, Chakravarty P (2000). "Metabolites from a wood-inhabiting cup fungus, Urnula craterium". Natural Product Research. 14 (6): 405–410. doi:10.1080/10575630008043776. S2CID   98485177.

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