Uroplatus phantasticus

Uroplatus phantasticus
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Gekkonidae
Genus:	Uroplatus
Species:	U. phantasticus
Binomial name
Uroplatus phantasticus Boulenger, [2] 1888 [3]

Uroplatus phantasticus, the satanic leaf-tailed gecko, eyelash leaf-tailed gecko or the phantastic leaf-tailed gecko, is a species of gecko indigenous to the island of Madagascar. First described in 1888 by George Albert Boulenger, U. phantasticus is the smallest in body of the Uroplatus geckos, though there is an ongoing debate^{[ citation needed ]} as to whether one of its cousins, U. ebenaui , is smaller because of its shorter tail.

Etymology

The generic name, Uroplatus, is a Latinization of two Greek words: "ourá" (οὐρά) meaning "tail" and "platys" (πλατύς) meaning "flat". Its specific name phantasticus is the Latin word for "imaginary", based upon the gecko's unique appearance, which led Belgian naturalist George Albert Boulenger to describe it as “mythical” in 1888. ^[3]

Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to Madagascar, meaning it is found nowhere else. ^[4] It is an arboreal animal that relies on its natural camouflage in the northern and central tropical forests of Madagascar.

Description

Its adult size is up to 90mm in total length, including the tail. ^[5]

As with all Uroplatus geckos the tail is flattened, but the leaf-like appearance is only seen in the ebenaui complex (U. phantasticus, U. ebenaui, and U. malama ; although the tail size is much reduced in U. ebenaui). It has often been debated whether U. phantasticus is in fact the same species as U. ebenaui (the Nosy Bé flat-tailed gecko). However U. phantasticus possesses more, and longer, spines on the head, body and trunk. ^[6] Other members of the genus Uroplatus have flattened tails that serve more to diminish the profile of the gecko while it is inactive. Some U. phantasticus geckos even have notches in their tails to further mimic a decaying leaf. ^[7] This is also thought to be a form of sexual dimorphism, as the trait seems more common in the males of the species. In addition, U. phantasticus has an eyelash-like projection above each eye. During daylight hours, these adaptations help the gecko blend into its surroundings. At night it helps the gecko hunt for prey by providing camouflage.^{[ citation needed ]}

Geckos possess no eyelids, just a transparent covering over their eyes, and so they use their long, mobile tongues to wipe away any dust or debris that gets into the eye. ^[7]

The gecko occurs in a variety of colors, including hues of purple, orange, tan and yellow, but is often mottled brown, ^[8] with small black dots on the underside that help to distinguish it from similar species. ^[4]

• 
  Camouflaged
• 
  At Ranomafana National Park
• 
  In Andasibe, ventral view

Behavior

Licking eye

A nocturnal reptile, with suitably large eyes, the leaf-tailed gecko moves about its rainforest habitat at night feeding on insects. ^[4] The adhesive scales under their fingers and toes and their strong curved claws enable them to move adeptly through the trees. ^[4] The leaf-tailed gecko is somewhat of an expert at avoiding predators, not only through their incredible mimicry but through a number of behaviours. They can flatten their body against the substrate to reduce the body's shadow, open their jaws wide to show a frightening, bright red mouth, and voluntarily shed their tail in order to trick a predator. ^[4]

Like many reptiles, the leaf-tailed gecko is oviparous, or egg-laying. Reproduction starts at the beginning of the rainy season when it lays clutches of two spherical eggs onto the ground under leaf litter or in the dead leaves of plants. ^[4]

Captivity

Uroplatus phantasticus is common in captivity and often kept in breeding pairs or trios. Males can be housed together as intraspecific aggression tends to be low when captive conditions are sufficient. However, even in good circumstances, there is occasional male-male aggression. Keepers of this species often simply refer to them as Phants.

The gecko eats a variety of appropriately sized insects including crickets and moths. If breeding is successful in captivity, eggs will be laid at intervals of approximately 30 days and take 90 to 120 days to hatch.

There are seven zoos in the United States that have this gecko, two of which breed it, including the San Diego Zoo. ^[9]

Conservation

Habitat destruction, deforestation, and collection for the pet trade all threaten the existence of this species. ^[10] Studies suggest that leaf-tailed geckos can only inhabit a very specific environment and are not tolerant of any degradation of their natural habitat. This makes them vulnerable to the impacts of habitat degradation and harvesting, ^[4] a common problem due to it being popular pets. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) lists all of the Uroplatus species on their "Top ten most wanted species list" of animals threatened by illegal wildlife trade, because of it "being captured and sold at alarming rates for the international pet trade". It is a CITES Appendix 2 protected animal. ^[10]

Protected areas are therefore essential, and at present, the satanic leaf-tailed gecko is known to occur in at least three: Tsaratanana Strict Nature Reserve, Marojejy National Park, and Anjanaharibe Special Reserve. However, illegal harvesting of leaf-tailed geckos is known to occur even within protected areas, ^[4] and efforts to control this threatening activity are required if this extraordinary and unique reptile is to endure. This gecko is not a prey of birds, as commonly thought.^{[ citation needed ]}

References

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Uroplatus phantasticus" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL .

1. Ratsoavina, F., Glaw, F., Ramanamanjato, J.-B., Rabibisoa, N. & Rakotondrazafy, N.A. 2020. Uroplatus phantasticus (amended version of 2011 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T172906A177285160. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T172906A177285160.en. Downloaded on 11 March 2021.
2. "Uroplatus phantasticus Boulenger, 1888". The Reptile Database. J. Craig Venter Institute. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
3. Boulenger, G. A. (1888). "Descriptions of new Reptiles and Batrachians from Madagascar". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 (1): 101–107. doi:10.1080/00222938809460688.
4. "Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II, Proposal 27". Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, The Hague. CITES. (2004). Retrieved 15 September 2011.
5. Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (January 2019). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar (3rd ed.). Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags. ISBN   978-3929449037.
6. Nussbaum, R.A.; Raxworthy, C.J. (1995). "New Uroplatus Duméril (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) of the ebenaui-Group from the Anosy Mountains of Southern Madagascar". Copeia. 1995 (1): 118–124. doi:10.2307/1446806. JSTOR   1446806.
7. Halliday, T., and Adler, K. (2002). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Oxford University Press.
8. A., Bauer; Russell, A. (1989). "A systematic review of the genus Uroplatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), with comments on its biology". Journal of Natural History. 23: 169–203. doi:10.1080/00222938900770101.
9. Stetz, M. Zoo's first 2011 baby: Satanic leaf-tailed gecko. San Diego Union-Tribune January 6, 2011.
10. "Inclusion of Uroplatus spp. in Appendix II" (PDF). Technical comments in support of amendments to CITES appendices submitted by Madagascar. CITES. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.