The Vest Pocket Kodak (VPK), also known as the Soldier's Kodak, is a line of compact folding cameras introduced by Eastman Kodak in April 1912 and produced until 1934, when it was succeeded by the Kodak Bantam. Because the VPK uses 127 film, it is more compact than contemporary folding cameras using 120 film and larger sheet film formats offered by Kodak; measuring approximately 12×6.3×2.7 cm (4.7×2.5×1.1 in) when stowed, it could be carried in a vest pocket, as the name suggests.
The basic design of the Vest Pocket Kodak has a lens on a flat platform which extends manually from the body, sealed by a light-tight bellows. [1] Several different lenses were offered, with cameras fitted with upgraded lenses named "Vest Pocket Kodak Special", and numerous cosmetic variations exist.
The original version used a rectangular front lens standard extending on a pantograph mechanism and is a fixed-focus camera. When closed, the camera measures (H×W×D) 12×6.3×2.7 cm (4.7×2.5×1.1 in); open, depth expands to 9.6 cm (3.8 in). [2] The camera weighed approximately 300 g (11 oz). [3] The image captured on the film measures 2+1⁄2×1+5⁄8 in (6.4×4.1 cm). [4] : 68 It succeeded the No. 0 Folding Pocket Kodak (1902–06), which captures images of the same size on 121 film; [5] : 156 the No. 0 is bulkier with a wooden body compared to the metal-bodied VPK. [6]
The camera offered shutter speeds of 1⁄25, 1⁄50 sec and "T"imer and "B"ulb settings, using Kodak's ball bearing shutter. Instead of conventional aperture f-stop settings, numbered values were given instead to control depth of field for the fixed-focus meniscus lens, with #4 being the most closed and #1 being the most open: [7]
Contemporary advertisements focused on the cameras' compact dimensions, noting "the [VPK] may always be carried where a larger camera would sometimes be an inconvenience ... You don't know it's there till you want it and think of the picture possibilities you have missed because you didn't have a camera with you." [8] and "If [picture opportunities] happen when you have your large Kodak with you, well and good, but they can never catch you off your guard if you carry a V. P. K." [9]
In 1914, Kodak introduced Autographic film after acquiring the rights to the invention from Henry Jacques Gaisman; this film included thin carbon paper sheets which allowed the photographer to jot short notes directly on the film using a metal stylus. Autographic versions of the VPK were released in 1915 and soon became the default version; [10] they were sold until 1926. [11] The VPK was billed as "The Soldier's Kodak" and contemporary Kodak marketing materials recommended highlighting its rugged features and direct marketing to deploying soldiers. [12] [13] [14] Approximately two million VPK and VPK Autographic cameras were sold before the original line was discontinued in 1926, [1] making it the most popular camera of its time. [4] : 68
The VPK Model B was introduced in 1925 and sold until 1934, bringing several notable updates, as the basic design switched to a folding-bed camera. Cosmetically, the front lens standard is circular; focus adjustment is possible with a focusing rail built into the drop-down bed. [11] Instead of removing a side plate and sliding the film into the body, the Model B bellows and front standard are removed from the rest of the camera to load the film.
The Model B was sold in several special versions with different colors for the Boy Scouts, Boy Scouts of America, Camp Fire Girls, Girl Guides, and Girl Scouts of America; [5] : 144, 152, 157 the Model B also was the basis for the Kodak Petite (1929–33), [5] : 164 Vest Pocket Hawk-Eye, and Rainbow Hawk-Eye. [5] : 159 [15]
The VPK Series III was introduced one year after the Model B and also discontinued in 1934. [11] VPK Series III cameras may be distinguished by the prominent "KODAK" branding on the lens support stand. Colored versions of the Series III were sold as the Vanity Kodak. [5] : 179
A VPK was carried during the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition and may offer proof that climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine reached the summit, but it has never been found. [17]
The entry-level models of the VPK commonly were fitted with the achromat lens, a cemented doublet meniscus lens which may be modified for soft focus photography by removing the dish-shaped lens hood, taking advantage of its uncorrected spherical aberration at wide apertures; [18] in Japan, this lens is nicknamed Vestan (ベス単). [lower-alpha 1] Initially, this modification was performed to improve lens speed, but the notable soft focus effect was appreciated and the lens enjoyed another wave of popularity in the 1970s as several photographers published works using it, including Shōji Ueda. [19] Interchangeable soft focus lenses for modern cameras inspired by the simple doublet Vestan lens design have been released several times since the 1970s, including the Kiyohara Kogaku (KOPTIC) VK70R and VK50R (1986), [20] Nikon Fuwatto Soft (1995) [21] and the Yasuhara MOMO 100 (2016). [22]
A rangefinder camera is a camera fitted with a rangefinder, typically a split-image rangefinder: a range-finding focusing mechanism allowing the photographer to measure the subject distance and take photographs that are in sharp focus.
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Large format lenses are photographic optics that provide an image circle large enough to cover the large format film or plates used in large format cameras.
In photography, soft focus is a lens flaw, in which the lens forms images that are blurred due to uncorrected spherical aberration. A soft focus lens deliberately introduces spherical aberration which blurs fine texture in the image while retaining sharp edges across areas of high contrast; it is not the same as an out-of-focus image, and the effect cannot be achieved simply by defocusing a sharp lens. Soft focus is also the name of the style of photograph produced by such a lens.
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Masataka Takayama was one of the most prominent Japanese photographers in the first half of the twentieth century.
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The Kodak 35 Rangefinder is an improved version of the Kodak 35 that was launched by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1938 as their first 35mm camera manufactured in the USA. After some two years, the Company presented this improved Kodak 35 camera, with a new superstructure housing containing a viewfinder and a separate rangefinder, but without any addition to the identifying inscription on the body. It is generally referred to as the Kodak 35 Rangefinder model.
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The Fujifilm G-mount is a type of interchangeable lens mount designed by Fujifilm for use in the cameras of their Fujifilm GFX series. These cameras have interchangeable lenses. The respective lenses are designed for 43.8 mm x 32.9 mm medium format sensors.
TONE camera was a sophisticated Hit-type camera using 17.5 mm paper backed film, introduced by Toyo Kobi Optical Company in occupied Japan in 1948.
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