Viburnum dilatatum

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Viburnum dilatatum
Viburnum dilatatum04.jpg
Plant with fruit
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Adoxaceae
Genus: Viburnum
Species:
V. dilatatum
Binomial name
Viburnum dilatatum

Viburnum dilatatum, commonly known as linden arrowwood [1] or linden viburnum, [2] is a deciduous shrub in the moschatel family (Adoxaceae). It is native to eastern Asia, and can be found as an introduced plant in the mid-Atlantic regions in the U.S from New York to Virginia. Linden arrowwood is known for the clusters of red drupes it produces when it is mature.

Contents

Description

Viburnum dilatatum can grow up to 3 meters tall and wide. [3] The bark of the stems are brown with some orange, the stems are pubescent, and stems change color from brown to a dark gray as they mature. [4] The leaves are simple, arranged opposite on a branch and the shape may vary from broadly obovate, obovate, or broadly ovate. [5] The size of the leaf ranges from 5.1–13 centimetres (2.0–5.1 in) long and 2.5–6.4 centimetres (0.98–2.52 in) wide. [3] [4] [6] The leaves have shallowly toothed margins, usually are pubescent and they drop in late autumn. [7] With the season change, linden arrowwood foliage changes. During the summer the foliage is dark green and during the autumn season the colors vary from bronze to burgundy. [6]

Viburnum dilatatum in flower Viburnum dilatatum Japan.jpg
Viburnum dilatatum in flower

The flowers for linden arrowwood bloom after the leaves. They are in clusters that are small and the color is a creamy white, they bloom from May to early June. [6] The flowers have both female and male parts which makes it a perfect flower. [8] Perfect meaning they are plants that have both stamens and styles.

The fruit is a red glabrous fleshy round drupe that grows in clusters like its flowers, they have red color from September to early December—an individual berry measures 0.84 centimetres (0.33 in) in diameter. [9] The berries are called gamazumi in Japan. [10] [11]

Taxonomy

The taxonomic placement of the genus of Viburnum has been fluid in recent years. Many older sources place Viburnum in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). However, modern classification using molecular phylogeny places the genus in Adoxaceae. Within Adoxaceae, Viburnum is the largest clade, with 175 species. [12] Sister species to Viburnum dilatatum are Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum denatatum, Viburnum ellipticum, Viburnum erosum, Viburnum japonicum, Viburnum kansuense, Viburnum lobophyllum, Viburnum melanocarpum, Viburnum molle, and Viburnum rafinesquianum. [12]

Viburnum dilatatum can be confused with Viburnum dentatum. [7] Viburnum dentatum leaves are rounder and deeply toothed and can be very pubescent or glabrous. Also, Viburnum denatum have dark purple round fruits, while Viburnum dilatatum have red round fruits. [7] Viburnum wrightii is also often confused with Viburnum dilatatum, another ornamental plant. The difference is that Viburnum wrightii leaves are not as pubescent, and the stem and the leaves have a waxy coat. [4]

Distribution and habitat

In its native range of China, Japan, and Korea, Linden arrowwood can be found in lowlands, open forests, and scrubby areas. [9] This species thrive in moist soil and sunny areas. [9]

In the early 1800s, linden arrowwood was introduced into the United States to serve as an ornamental. [13] This plant has spread only locally in the United States, and its populations are concentrated in the Mid-Atlantic region. In some US states where linden arrowwood is found, there have been reports of it being an invasive species. [4]

Uses

Linden viburnum is an ornamental plant. It is used for mass plantings because of the white clusters of flowers it produces. [4] Even though it is an ornamental plant, in some US states, particularly the mid-Atlantic region it is highly recommended not to plant this species because of its invasive tendencies. [7] The berries, leaves, and stems are used in traditional Chinese medicine to make a soup for snake bites, for dysentery, and for use as a vermifuge. [6]

Ecology

This species is dispersed by way of animals. The red berries attract birds, which ingest and may deposit the seeds in other areas. In the United States, Linden arrowwood is an invasive species. It is considered a threat to native species because shade the foliage produces may limit the sunlight to other plants near it. Also, Viburnum dilatatum has an advantage due to the growth of the leaves which come out in the spring and are kept until late in the fall. Countermeasures that are strongly recommended in order to decrease the reproduction of the species are to pull them out of the ground if they are under 0.91 metres (3 ft 0 in) in height, or for taller plants, to cut to ground level before it fruits and spray with a herbicide in order to stop growth [3] The seed heads from mature plants should be removed to stop dispersal. [7]

Cultivation

Linden arrowwood should be grown in moist fertile soil that is slightly acidic or neutral to have best results. It needs plenty of sunlight, but will thrive in shaded areas and in warm climates. Viburnum dilatatum can easily be transplanted and will do great when established. [4] This shrub propagates from cuttings. [14] Seeds may need a chilling period to germinate. [14] Planting several of these shrubs next to each other will increase the fruit production. [4] There have not been any reports in the United States claiming this species to be harmful to fauna. [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Viburnum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae

Viburnum is a genus of about 150–175 species of flowering plants in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny. It was previously included in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae.

<i>Mahonia</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the barberry family

Mahonia is a genus of approximately 70 species of evergreen shrubs and, rarely, small trees in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia, the Himalaya, North and Central America. They are closely related to the genus Berberis and botanists disagree on whether to recognize a separate Mahonia. Many botanists prefer to classify Mahonia as a part of Berberis because several species in both genera are able to hybridize, and because there are no consistent morphological differences between the two groups other than the leaf pinnation. However, recent DNA-based phylogenetic studies retain the two separate genera, by clarifying that unifoliolate-leaved Berberis s.s. is derived from within a paraphyletic group of shrubs bearing imparipinnate evergreen leaves, which are then divided into three genera: Mahonia, Alloberberis, and Moranothamnus ; a broadly-circumscribed Berberis would also be monophyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adoxaceae</span> Family of plants

Adoxaceae, commonly known as moschatel family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, now consisting of five genera and about 150–200 species. They are characterised by opposite toothed leaves, small five- or, more rarely, four-petalled flowers in cymose inflorescences, and the fruit being a drupe. They are thus similar to many Cornaceae.

<i>Cornus canadensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Cornus canadensis is a species of flowering plant in the dogwood family Cornaceae, native to eastern Asia and North America. Common names include Canadian dwarf cornel, Canadian bunchberry, quatre-temps, crackerberry, and creeping dogwood. Unlike its relatives, which are for the most part substantial trees and shrubs, C. canadensis is a creeping, rhizomatous perennial growing to about 20 centimetres tall.

<i>Viburnum opulus</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum opulus, the guelder-rose or guelder rose is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae native to Europe, northern Africa and central Asia.

<i>Viburnum rhytidophyllum</i> Species of shrub

Viburnum rhytidophyllum, the leatherleaf viburnum, is a species of Viburnum, native to Asia.

<i>Viburnum nudum</i> Species of shrub

Viburnum nudum is a deciduous shrub in the genus Viburnum within the muskroot family, Adoxaceae.

<i>Viburnum dentatum</i> Species of shrub

Viburnum dentatum, southern arrowwood or arrowwood viburnum or roughish arrowwood, is a small shrub, native to the eastern United States and Canada from Maine south to northern Florida and eastern Texas.

<i>Ilex cornuta</i> Species of holly

Ilex cornuta, commonly known as Chinese holly or horned holly, is a slow-growing, densely foliaged evergreen shrub in the Aquifoliaceae plant family. It is native to eastern China and Korea and attains a height of about 3 metres (9.8 ft). The leaves are usually 5-spined, between 3.5 cm and 10 cm long, oblong and entire. The fruits are red berries, which are larger than those of the European Holly.

<i>Rhamnus alaternus</i> Species of flowering plant

Rhamnus alaternus is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae, known by the common names Italian buckthorn or Mediterranean buckthorn. It is a hardy medium-sized evergreen shrub with fragrant flowers.

<i>Elaeagnus pungens</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus pungens is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, known by the common names thorny olive, spiny oleaster and silverthorn; also by the family name "oleaster". It is native to Asia, including China and Japan. It is present in the southeastern United States as an introduced species, a common landscaping and ornamental plant, and sometimes an invasive species.

<i>Viburnum bracteatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum bracteatum is a species of flowering plant in the Adoxaceae known by the common names bracted arrowwood and limerock arrowwood. It is native to the southeastern United States, where it is limited to Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Some authors include Viburnum ozarkense in this species, which would expand its distribution westward. Other authors include V. ozarkense in Viburnum molle, or retain it as a distinct species.

<i>Viburnum carlesii</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae

Viburnum carlesii, the arrowwood or Korean spice viburnum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae, native to Korea and Japan and naturalised in Ohio, USA. Growing to 2 m (7 ft) tall and broad, it is a bushy deciduous shrub with oval leaves which are copper-coloured when young. Round clusters of red buds open to strongly scented, pale pink flowers in late spring. These are followed in late summer by oval red fruits ripening to black in autumn.

<i>Viburnum cinnamomifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum cinnamomifolium, the cinnamon-leaved viburnum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae, native to western China. Growing to 5 m (16 ft) tall and broad, it is a substantial evergreen shrub with large, triple-veined, glossy, oval leaves up to 15 cm (6 in) long. Round clusters of tiny white flowers are produced in late spring, followed in late summer and autumn by oval black fruits.

<i>Viburnum davidii</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae

Viburnum davidii, the David viburnum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae native to western China. Growing to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and broad, it is an evergreen shrub with large, glossy, oval leaves up to 15 cm (6 in) long. Each leaf is deeply veined lengthwise with three curved lines. Round clusters of tiny white flowers are produced in late spring, followed in late summer and autumn by oval blue fruits. Both male and female plants are required to produce fruit.

<i>Viburnum furcatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum furcatum, the forked viburnum or scarlet leaved viburnum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae. Growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall and broad, it is a substantial deciduous shrub with rounded oval bronze-green leaves, turning red in autumn. Scented white flower-heads resembling those of lacecap hydrangeas are borne in summer, followed by black fruits.

<i>Viburnum australe</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum australe, known by the common name Mexican arrowwood, is a woody plant in the family Adoxaceae. It is found in northeastern Mexico and western Texas.

<i>Viburnum rafinesqueanum</i> Species of shrub

Viburnum rafinesqueanum, the downy arrowwood, is a deciduous medium-sized shrub native to the Eastern United States and Canada from Quebec and Manitoba south to Georgia and west to Oklahoma. Downy arrow-wood produces ornamental but slightly malodorous flowers in Spring.

<i>Viburnum molle</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum molle, commonly called softleaf arrowwood, is a species of flowering plant in the moschatel family (Adoxaceae). It is native to the eastern United States, where it restricted to the Midwest and Upper South. Its distribution is scattered, and populations occur in disjunct clusters. Its natural habitat is in rocky bluff forests over calcareous soil, and in adjacent bottomlands.

<i>Symplocos paniculata</i> Species of tree

Symplocos paniculata, called Asiatic sweetleaf or sapphire-berry, is a species of tree in the family Symplocaceae. It is native to all of eastern Asia and was introduced to the United States in around 1871. It is a tree reaching 12 m (39 ft) in favorable conditions, though it is often more shrub-like, and is used as an ornamental due to its visually striking blue fruit from which it derives its common name. It escapes from cultivation and may already be an invasive species in the United States.

References

  1. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Viburnum dilatatum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  2. ↑ Lee, Sangtae; Chang, Kae Sun, eds. (2015). English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. p. 672. ISBN   978-89-97450-98-5 . Retrieved 7 March 2019– via Korea Forest Service.
  3. 1 2 3 "Invasive Plants in Pennsylvania Linden Viburnum "Viburnum dilatatum"" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Plant Database". hort.uconn.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  5. ↑ "Viburnum dilatatum in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum) | Plants & Fungi At Kew". www.kew.org. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Invasive Plant Alert" (PDF). National Capital Region National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior.
  8. ↑ "Viburnum dilatatum Linden Viburnum, Linden arrowwood PFAF Plant Database". www.pfaf.org. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  9. 1 2 3 "Viburnum dilatatum - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  10. ↑ Zayachkivska, O. S.; Gzhegotsky, M. R.; Terletska, O. I.; Lutsyk, D. A.; Yaschenko, A. M.; Dzhura, O. R. (2006-11-01). "Influence of Viburnum opulus proanthocyanidins on stress-induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage". Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 57 Suppl 5: 155–167. ISSN   1899-1505. PMID   17218766.
  11. ↑ "Thunberg's Japanese Plants - an image database Specimen details". cpthunberg.ebc.uu.se. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  12. 1 2 Winkworth, Richard C.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2004-10-01). "Viburnum phylogeny: evidence from the duplicated nuclear gene GBSSI". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (1): 109–126. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.006. PMID   15324842.
  13. ↑ "Viburnum - Viburnum - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  14. 1 2 "Viburnum dilatatum Plant Profile" . Retrieved 2016-11-23.
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