Volvariella bombycina

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Volvariella bombycina
Volvariella bombycina1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pluteaceae
Genus: Volvariella
Species:
V. bombycina
Binomial name
Volvariella bombycina
(Schaeff.) Singer (1951)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus bombycinusSchaeff. (1774)
  • Agaricus denudatus Batsch (1783)
  • Amanita calyptrata Lam. (1783)
  • Pluteus bombycinus(Schaeff.) Fr. (1836)
  • Volvaria bombycina(Schaeff.) P.Kumm. (1871)
  • Volvariopsis bombycina(Schaeff.) Murrill (1911)
Volvariella bombycina
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Conical cap icon.svgUmbonate cap icon.svg Cap is conical or umbonate
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is pink to salmon
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Volvariella bombycina, commonly known as the silky volvariella, [2] silky sheath, silky rosegill, silver-silk straw mushroom, or tree mushroom, is a species of edible mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It is an uncommon but widespread species, having been reported from Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. The fruit body (mushroom) begins developing in a thin, egg-like sac. This ruptures and the stem expands quickly, leaving the sac at the base of the stem as a volva. The cap, which can attain a diameter of up to 20 centimetres (8 inches), is white to slightly yellowish and covered with silky hairs. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced gills, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pink as the spores mature. The mushroom grows singly or in clusters, often appearing in old knotholes and wounds in elms and maples. V. bombycina contains compounds with antibacterial properties.

Contents

Description

Volvariella bombycina 240767.jpg
The mushroom has a deep, yellowish to dingy brown sac-like volva that covers the base of the stem.
Volvariella bombycina 210891.jpg
A bisected young fruit body – still enveloped by the universal veil – reveals internal structures.

The fruit bodies of Volvariella bombycina are initially egg-shaped when still enclosed in the universal veil. As they expand, the caps later becoming bell-shaped or convex, and finally nearly flattened in age, attaining a diameter of 5–20 centimetres (2–8 inches). The dry cap surface is covered with silky threads. Its color is white to yellowish, becoming more pale approaching the margin. The flesh is thin, soft, and white, [3] and has an odor resembling raw potatoes. [4] The gills are crowded close together, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pinkish as the spores mature. The stem measures 6–20 cm (2+1⁄2–8 in) long by 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) thick, and is typically tapered upward or thickened below. It is white, with a smooth surface, and is often slightly curved. The universal veil is membranous, often areolate (cracked into irregularly shaped blocks) or scaly, and forms a long, saclike volva that wraps around the base of the stem. It is white to yellowish or dingy brown, and often divided into lobes. [3]

The variety flaviceps has a yellow cap. Volvariella bombycina var. flaviceps 240536.jpg
The variety flaviceps has a yellow cap.

The variety V. bombycina var. flaviceps is distinguished from the main form by its smaller, bright yellow caps, up to 3.5 cm (1+1⁄2 in) in diameter, and its dirty-white, scaly volva. Murrill also noted that it developed a "peculiar sickening odor during drying". [5] V. bombycina var. microspora has smaller spores (6–7.5 by 4–5  μm), a yellow cap, and a blotched brown volva. [6] V. bombycina var. palmicola also has a yellow cap and small spores (5.9–7.5 by 4.3–5.4 μm), but can be distinguished from the previous varieties by its distantly spaced gills. [7]

Mushrooms produce a spore print with a color ranging from pinkish to salmon. Spores are elliptical, smooth, and measure 6.5–10 by 4.5–6.5 μm. [3] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 19–43 by 6–11 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia that occur on the gill face) are usually spindle shaped, but have a widely variable morphology; they are abundant in the hymenium, and have dimensions of 26–122 by 8–57 μm. The cheilocystidia (on the gill edge) are similar in morphology and abundance, some may feature knobs held at the end of slender projections up to 20 μm long; dimensions are in the range of 26 and 144 μm long by 8–46 μm wide. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae of V. bombycina. [8]

The fruit bodies can be readily grown in laboratory culture. [9]

Bioactive compounds

Several bioactive secondary metabolites have been isolated and identified from Volvariella bombycina fruit bodies, mycelium, or pure culture. The compounds ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one, ergosterol peroxide, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and indazole were found in liquid culture. [10] In 2009, the novel compound isodeoxyhelicobasidin was identified from culture broth; this compound inhibits the enzyme human elastase. [11] The fungus also produces compounds that have antioxidative activity. [12]

Similar species

The combination of a silky white cap, white stem, pink gills, pink spore print, and growth on wood is characteristic of this species and make identification of Volvariella bombycina in the field relatively easy. Some Pluteus species have a general similar appearance, and also produce pinkish to pinkish-brown spore prints, but they lack a volva. Amanita species grow on the ground and make white spore prints. V. pusilla has a small cap measuring 0.5–3 cm (1⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) in diameter with silky fibers and short lines visible at the cap edge when moist; it grows in soil in gardens and greenhouses and on lawns. V. hypopithys has a medium-size white cap that is 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) in diameter with silky to scaly fibers and lacks the short lines at the cap edge when moist; it grows on the ground in woods. [13] V. caesiotincta has a bluish-gray cap, while V. gloiocephala can be distinguished from V. bombycina by its smooth cap that is sticky when damp, and a white volva. [4]

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1774 by German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer as Agaricus bombycinus. Throughout its taxonomical history, it has been shuffled to several genera, including Pluteus (by Elias Fries in 1836), [14] Volvaria (Paul Kummer, 1871), [15] and Volvariopsis (William Alphonso Murrill, 1911). [16] [1] Rolf Singer placed it in its current genus, Volvariella , in 1951. [17] Other names that have been applied to the species include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Amanita calyptrata [18] and August Johann Georg Karl Batsch's Agaricus denudatus [19] (both published in 1783), but these are illegitimate names as Schäffer's earlier 1774 name has priority. [1]

In 1949, Murrill described the variety flaviceps from collections made growing on magnolia wood in Gainesville, Florida. Although he originally described it as a new species, Volvaria flaviceps, [5] Robert Shaffer considered it a variety of V. bombycina. [8] Variety microspora was first described in 1953, was later (1961) named by Richard William George Dennis; [6] variety palmicola was originally described as a distinct species Volvaria palmicola by Belgian mycologist Maurice Beely in 1928, [20] and later as a variety of V. bombycina by the same author in 1937. [7]

The root for the generic name Volvariella (as well as Volvaria and Volvariopsis, genera in which the species had been formerly placed) derives from the Latin volva, meaning "wrapper" or "a covering". [8] The specific epithet bombycina derives from the Latin root bombyc, or "silky". [3] Common names for the mushroom include the "silky sheath", [21] the "silky rosegill", the "silver-silk straw mushroom", or the "tree mushroom". [13]

Distribution and habitat

Fruit bodies often grow in knotholes or clefts of trees; shown here on sugar maple. Silky Rosegill, maple tree of Vermont, USA, July 2012.jpg
Fruit bodies often grow in knotholes or clefts of trees; shown here on sugar maple.

Volvariella bombycina is a saprobic species. [22] Fruit bodies grow singly or in small groups on trunks and decayed stumps of dead hardwoods. Favored species include sugar maple, red maple, silver maple, magnolia, mango, beech, oak, and elm. [8] It is often found in clefts and knotholes of dead or living tree trunks. [4] It has been noted to fruit in the same location for several years. [23] Despite its preference for hardwoods, it has been reported growing on rare instances on coniferous wood. [24] [25] An uncommon species with a wide distribution, it has been reported from Asia (Iran, [26] China, [27] India, [28] Korea, [29] and Pakistan),[ citation needed ] the Caribbean (Cuba), [30] Australia, Europe, North America, [23] and South America. [31] It acquired protected status in Hungary in 2005, making it a legal offense to pick it. [32] Variety microspora is known from Venezuela, [6] while V. bombycina var. palmicola occurs in the DR Congo. [7]

Uses

The fruit bodies are edible, and usually considered of good quality. They have been called "excellent", [33] "tasty" with a "modest and pleasant flavor", [34] and "worth eating if found in large enough quantities". [23]

In culture

Alexander H. Smith related a story of how unique circumstances led to the development of a local superstition about the species:

... the members of a family here in Ann Arbor were poisoned, some fatally, as the result of eating caps of a species of Amanita. The next year Volvaria bombycina fruited on a maple tree at the home of these people, and the story was circulated that some of the spores of the poisonous fungus, which caused the deaths the year before, had escaped from the house, lodged in the tree, germinated, grew and were now producing fruiting bodies. Consequently the carpophores of the Volvaria were held in great awe by the neighbors, and soon came to be referred to as the "ghost mushroom". No one, of course, would consider eating them. [35]

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<i>Melanoleuca</i> Genus of fungi

Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophic mushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindrical stipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts. Melanoleuca is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species. DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to Amanita and Pluteus and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae.

<i>Amanita vaginata</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Atheniella adonis</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Pholiota flammans</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Agaricus deserticola</i> Species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae endemic to southwestern and western North America

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<i>Crinipellis zonata</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Agaricus hondensis</i> Species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae

Agaricus hondensis, commonly known as the felt-ringed agaricus, is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. The species was officially described in 1912 by mycologist William Alphonso Murrill, along with three other Agaricus species that have since been placed in synonymy with A. hondensis. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, A. hondensis fruits in the fall under conifers or in mixed forests.

<i>Volvopluteus</i> Genus of fungi

Volvopluteus is a genus of small to medium-sized or big saprotrophic mushrooms growing worldwide. The genus has been segregated from Volvariella with which it shares some morphological characteristics such as the presence of a volva and a pink to pink-brown spore print. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA data have shown that Volvopluteus is closely related to Pluteus and both genera currently are classified in the family Pluteaceae, while Volvariella is not closely related to either genus and its position in the Agaricales is still uncertain.

<i>Volvopluteus gloiocephalus</i> Species of mushroom

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, commonly known as the big sheath mushroom, rose-gilled grisette, or stubble rosegill, is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. For most of the 20th century it has been known under the names Volvariella gloiocephala or Volvariella speciosa, but recent molecular studies have placed it as the type species of the genus Volvopluteus, newly created in 2011. The cap of this mushroom is about 5–15 cm (2–6 in) in diameter, varies from white to grey or grey-brown, and is markedly sticky when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a sack-like volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating V. gloiocephalus from related species. V. gloiocephalus is a saprotrophic fungus that grows on grassy fields and accumulations of organic matter like compost or woodchips piles. It has been reported from all continents except Antarctica.

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<i>Tylopilus alboater</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.

<i>Volvariella surrecta</i> Species of fungus

Volvariella surrecta, commonly known as the piggyback rosegill, is an agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Although rare, the species is widely distributed, having been reported from Asia, North America, Northern Africa, Europe, and New Zealand. The fungus grows as a parasite on the fruit bodies of other gilled mushrooms, usually Clitocybe nebularis. V. surrecta mushrooms have white or greyish silky-hairy caps up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter, and white gills that turns pink in maturity. The stipe, also white, is up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long, and has a sack-like volva at its base.

<i>Lepiota castaneidisca</i> Species of fungus

Lepiota castaneidisca is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Formally described in 1912, it was for a long time considered the same species as the similar Lepiota cristata until molecular analysis reported in 2001 demonstrated that it was genetically distinct. It is most common in coastal and northern California, and has also been recorded in Mexico. A saprobic species, it is usually found under redwood and Monterey cypress. Its fruit bodies (mushrooms) have white caps with an orange-red to orange-brown center that measure up to 3.2 cm (1.3 in) wide. The cream-colored to light pink stems are up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) long by 0.2–0.6 cm (0.1–0.2 in) thick, and have a ring. L. castaneidisca can be distinguished from other similar Lepiota species by differences in habitat, macroscopic, or microscopic characteristics.

<i>Volvopluteus earlei</i> Species of fungus

Volvopluteus earlei is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It was originally described in 1911 by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill as Volvariopsis earlei, based on collections made in a Cuban banana field. The fungus was later shuffled to the genera Volvaria and Volvariella before molecular studies placed it in Volvopluteus, a genus newly described in 2011.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i> Species of fungus

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

References

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