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Victimology is the study of victimization, including the psychological effects on victims, the relationship between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system—that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials—and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements.
Gay bashing is an attack, abuse, or assault committed against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). It includes both violence against LGBT people and LGBT bullying. The term covers violence against and bullying of people who are LGBT, as well as non-LGBT people whom the attacker perceives to be LGBT.
Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire. Objectification more broadly means treating a person as a commodity or an object without regard to their personality or dignity. Objectification is most commonly examined at the level of a society, but can also refer to the behavior of individuals and is a type of dehumanization.
In the fields of sociology, social ontology, and communication theory, social constructionism proposes that certain ideas about physical reality arise from collaborative consensus, instead of the pure observation of said physical reality. The theory of social constructionism proposes that people collectively develop the meanings of social constructs. Social constructionism has been characterised as neo-Marxian theory and as a neo-Kantian theory, proposing that social constructionism replaces the transcendental subject with a societal concept that is descriptive and normative.
Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict. Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time. Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally.
The just-world hypothesis or just-world fallacy is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will have morally fair and fitting consequences for the actor. For example, the assumptions that noble actions will eventually be rewarded and evil actions will eventually be punished fall under this hypothesis. In other words, the just-world hypothesis is the tendency to attribute consequences to—or expect consequences as the result of— either a universal force that restores moral balance or a universal connection between the nature of actions and their results. This belief generally implies the existence of cosmic justice, destiny, divine providence, desert, stability, and/or order. It is often associated with a variety of fundamental fallacies, especially in regard to rationalizing suffering on the grounds that the sufferers "deserve" it.
Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status.
School bullying, like bullying outside the school context, refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim. Bullying can be verbal or physical. Bullying, with its ongoing character, is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict. Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical, emotional, and/or verbal aggression. Cyberbullying and sexual bullying are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied, a child is acting as a bully, or a child has witnessed bullying at school.
Victimization refers to a person being made into a victim by someone else and can take on psychological as well as physical forms, both of which are damaging to victims. Forms of victimization include bullying or peer victimization, physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, robbery, and assault. Some of these forms of victimization are commonly associated with certain populations, but they can happen to others as well. For example, bullying or peer victimization is most commonly studied in children and adolescents but also takes place between adults. Although anyone may be victimized, particular groups may be more susceptible to certain types of victimization and as a result to the symptoms and consequences that follow. Individuals respond to victimization in a wide variety of ways, so noticeable symptoms of victimization will vary from person to person. These symptoms may take on several different forms, be associated with specific forms of victimization, and be moderated by individual characteristics of the victim and/or experiences after victimization.
Peer victimization is the experience among children of being a target of the aggressive behavior of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates.
School Psychology International is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that highlights the concerns of those who provide quality mental health, educational, therapeutic, and support services to schools and their communities throughout the world. It offers peer-reviewed articles reflecting high quality academic research in the field as well as examples of proven best practice. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The journal was established in 1979 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.
Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are also known as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and technology has advanced. Cyberbullying is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, a victims' personal information, or pejorative labels. Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm. Victims of cyberbullying may experience lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and various negative emotional responses, including being anxious, frustrated, angry, or depressed.
Professor Peter K Smith is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths College, University of London. His research interest is children’s social development. Smith was Head of the Unit for School and Family Studies in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths from 1998 to 2011. He received his B.Sc at the University of Oxford and his Ph.D. from the University of Sheffield; following his doctorate he continued at the University of Sheffield, obtaining a Personal Chair in 1991, before moving to Goldsmiths College in 1995. He is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society, the Association of Psychological Sciences, and the Academy of Social Sciences.
Discrimination against autistic people is the discrimination and persecution that autistic people have been subjected to. Discrimination against autistic people is a form of ableism.
David Huron is a Canadian Arts and Humanities Distinguished Professor at the Ohio State University, in both the School of Music and the Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences. His teaching and publications focus on the psychology of music and music cognition. In 2017, Huron was awarded the Society for Music Perception and Cognition Achievement Award.
Shelley Hymel is a developmental/educational psychologist and professor at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Her research focuses on issues related to school bullying, children's peer relationships, and social-emotional learning.
Debra Pepler is a Canadian psychologist known for her research and advocacy within the field of childhood aggression and bullying. She is currently a distinguished research professor at York University in Toronto, Ontario.
Kate Clare Tilleczek is a Full professor at York University and a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Young Lives, Education & Global Good.
Anna Costanza Baldry was an Italian social psychologist and criminologist. She was a professor at Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli. An expert on issues related to violence against women and children, Baldry consulted with such organizations as the United Nations and NATO. For her contributions to society, she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
Debra Titone is a cognitive psychologist known for her research on bilingualism and multilingualism. She is currently a Professor of Psychology and a chair holder of Canada Research in Language & Multilingualism at McGill University. Titone is a founding member and officer of the professional society, Women in Cognitive Science. She and her colleagues have written about gender disparities in opportunities, along with the advancement of women the field of cognitive science, with specific reference to Canada.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Holmes, Gillian (1999). Who's who of Canadian women, 1999-2000. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-4426-8345-7. OCLC 288093315.
- 1 2 "York researchers are helping to change the way we think about bullying, aggression and violence". York University. 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
- ↑ Craig, Wendy (1993). Naturalistic observations of bullies and victims in the school yard. Doctoral dissertation, York University.
- ↑ Craig, Wendy M.; Pepler, Debra J. (1998). "Observations of Bullying and Victimization in the School Yard". Canadian Journal of School Psychology. 13 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1177/082957359801300205. ISSN 0829-5735. S2CID 143765627.
- ↑ "Wendy Craig | Department of Psychology". www.queensu.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
- ↑ "York University professor to appear today on oprah to share expertise/advice on bullying with 20 million viewers". York University. 1997-11-14. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- 1 2 Government of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (2012-05-11). "Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council". www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ↑ "About | PREVNet - Canada's authority on bullying". www.prevnet.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
- ↑ "Nine professors named Royal Society Fellows". Queen's Gazette | Queen's University. 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
- ↑ Marciniak, Mandy (2016-02-03). "Queen's professor receives Order of Ontario for work on bullying prevention". The Hamilton Spectator. ISSN 1189-9417 . Retrieved 2019-11-17.
- ↑ "Rideau Hall announces 2018 Order of Canada appointments" . Retrieved 2019-11-17.
